The nature of magnetism and gravity. Ampere's hypothesis about the nature of magnetism

Over the past 50 years, all branches of science have stepped forward. But after reading a lot of magazines about the nature of magnetism and gravity, one can come to the conclusion that a person has even more questions than it was.

The nature of magnetism and gravity

It is obvious and clear to all that the objects, thrown up, fall swiftly to the ground. What attracts them? It can be safely assumed that they are attracted by some unknown forces. Those same forces were called - natural gravity. After each interested person faces a lot of disputes, guesses, assumptions and questions. What is the nature of magnetism? What are gravitational waves? As a result of what impact are they formed? What is their essence, as well as frequency? How do they affect the environment and each person individually? How rationally can this phenomenon be used for the benefit of civilization?

The concept of magnetism

In the early nineteenth century, the physicist Oersted Hans Christian discovered the magnetic field of electric current. This made it possible to assume that the nature of magnetism is closely interrelated with the electric current that is formed inside each of the existing atoms. The question arises, what phenomena can explain the nature of terrestrial magnetism?

To date, it has been established that magnetic fields in magnetized objects are mostly borne by electrons, which continuously rotate around their axis and near the core of the existing atom.

It has long been established that the chaotic movement of electrons is a real electric current, and its passage provokes the generation of a magnetic field. Summarizing this part, it can be safely asserted that electrons, due to their chaotic displacement inside atoms, generate intra-atomic currents, which in turn contribute to the generation of a magnetic field.

But what is the reason for the fact that in different materials the magnetic field has significant differences in its own magnitude, and also the different magnetization force? This is due to the fact that the axes and orbits of the displacement of independent electrons in atoms are capable of being in various positions relative to each other. This leads to the fact that magnetic fields produced by moving electrons are located in the corresponding positions.

Thus, it should be noted that the medium in which the magnetic field originates has an effect directly on it, multiplying or weakening the field itself.

диамагнитные , а материалы, весьма слабо усиливающие магнитное поле, именуются парамагнитными . Materials whose magnetic field weakens the resultant field are called diamagnetic , and materials that weakly amplify the magnetic field are called paramagnetic .

Magnetic features of substances

It should be noted that the nature of magnetism is generated not only by electric current, but also by permanent magnets.

Permanent magnets can be made from a small amount of substances on Earth. But it should be noted that all the objects that will be in the radius of the magnetic field, will be magnetized and become the direct sources of the magnetic field. Analyzing the above, it is worth adding that the vector of magnetic induction in the case of the presence of matter differs from the vector of vacuum magnetic induction.

Ampere's hypothesis about the nature of magnetism

The causal relationship, which resulted in the connection of the possession of bodies by magnetic features, was discovered by the outstanding French scientist Andre-Marie Amper. But what is Ampere's hypothesis about the nature of magnetism?

History has its origin thanks to a strong impression from what the scientist saw. He witnessed the studies of Oersted Lmier, who boldly assumed that the cause of the Earth's magnetism are currents that regularly pass inside the globe. The fundamental and most significant contribution was made: the magnetic features of the bodies could be explained by the continuous circulation of currents in them. After Ampere put forward the following conclusion: the magnetic characteristics of any of the existing bodies are determined by a closed circuit of electric currents flowing inside them. открытия, объяснив магнитные особенности тел. The statement of the physicist was a brave and courageous act, as he crossed out all previous discoveries, explaining the magnetic features of the bodies.

Moving electrons and electric current

Ampère's hypothesis says that within each atom and molecule there is an elementary and circulating charge of electric current. It is worth noting that to date we already know that the same currents are formed as a result of a chaotic and continuous movement of electrons in atoms. If the specified planes are randomly relative to each other due to the thermal displacement of molecules, their processes are mutually compensated and have absolutely no magnetic features. And in a magnetized object, the simplest currents are aimed at making their actions coalesced.

Ampère's conjecture is able to explain why magnetic arrows and frames with an electric current in a magnetic field behave identically to each other. The arrow, in turn, should be considered as a complex of small circuits with current, which are directed identically.

A special group of paramagnetic materials, in which the magnetic field is greatly amplified, is called ferromagnetic. These materials include iron, nickel, cobalt and gadolinium (and their alloys).

But how to explain the nature of magnetism of permanent magnets? Magnetic fields are formed by ferromagnets not only as a result of the movement of electrons, but also as a result of their own chaotic motion.

The angular momentum (of its own rotational moment) has acquired the name of spin. During the entire lifetime of the electrons, electrons rotate around their axis and, having a charge, generate a magnetic field together with the field formed as a result of their orbital motion near the nuclei.

Temperature Marie Curie

температура Кюри. The temperature above which the ferromagnet substance loses its magnetization has its definite name - the Curie temperature. After all, it was the French scientist who made this discovery with this name. He came to the conclusion: if it is essential to heat the magnetized object, then he will lose the opportunity to attract objects from iron.

Ferromagnets and their use

Despite the fact that there are not so many ferromagnetic bodies in the world, their magnetic features have great practical application and significance. A core in a coil made of iron or steel amplifies the magnetic field many times, but does not exceed the current consumption in the coil. This phenomenon significantly helps to save electricity. The cores are made exclusively of ferromagnets, and it does not matter for what purpose this part serves.

Magnetic recording of information

With the help of ferromagnets, first-class magnetic tapes and miniature magnetic films are produced. Magnetic tapes are widely used in the sphere of sound and video recording.

The magnetic tape is a plastic base consisting of polychlorinated vinyl chloride or other constituents. On top of it is applied a layer, which is a magnetic varnish, which consists of a set of very small needle-like particles of iron or other ferromagnet.

The process of sound recording is performed on the tape by means of electromagnets whose magnetic field undergoes changes in time due to sound oscillations. As a result of the movement of the tape near the magnetic head, each section of the film is magnetized.

The nature of gravity and its concepts

First of all, it should be noted that gravity and its forces are contained within the law of universal gravitation, which states that: two material points attract each other with force directly proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Modern science began to consider the concepts of gravitational force a bit differently and explains it as the action of the gravitational field of the Earth itself, the origin of which, unfortunately, has not yet been established by scientists.

Summarizing all of the above, I want to note that everything in our world is closely interrelated, and there is no significant difference between gravity and magnetism. After all, gravity has the same magnetism, just not much. On Earth, you can not tear an object away from nature - magnetism and gravity are broken, which in the future can significantly complicate the life of civilization. It is necessary to reap the fruits of scientific discoveries of great scientists and strive for new achievements, but to use the whole of the given follows rationally, without harming nature and mankind.