The inventor of the phone. Year of the invention of the phone. What was the first phone

Even in the myth of ancient Greek times about Theseus was the first mention of how to transfer information. Aegeus, the father of this hero, when he sent his son to the island of Crete, to battle with the monster Minotaur, asked him when returning, if successful, to hoist a sail of white on the ship, and in case of defeat - black. Unfortunately, the inventor of the phone was not born yet, and the colors were mixed up, and Aegeus, deciding that his son was dead, drowned. The sea where he did it, and called the Aegean.

Continuation of history with communication

For a while people did not pay much attention to solving the problem of translating symbols and signals over long distances. For a long time, the most reliable way to ensure quality communication remained birds and people. When there was disgusting weather and there were no wishing to escape, used fire fire, smoke, voice or other conventional signs. Although, frankly speaking, in the 16th century there was a proposal, Giovanni della Porta, an Italian scientist, to apply the communication pipes for communication. A similar method operates on ships for communication between the engine room and the captain. So, the proposal to lay such pipes across the whole of Italy did not meet understanding, and the first phone at that time was not invented.

The revolution in France and the breakthrough in the issue of communication

Mechanic Claude Chapp in 1789 proposed to the Convention to solve the issue of communication as follows: the whole of France intended to cover the network of towers and install on them devices made of laths. At the same time, they should be clearly visible at a distance. In the dark, lights were lit at the ends of the bars. Inside the tower was a telegraph operator, changing the layout of the slats. The reference point for him was a tower in sight. The telegraph operator sitting in it copied the message and sent it on. So it went - from the initial point to the final one. You could get about 200 combinations, changing the layout of the bars. A cipher was composed, which consisted of a notebook with a volume of 92 pages, each with the same number of words. The telegraph employee transmitted the number of the word and the page, they did not know at intermediate points of the cipher, but simply passed on the received combinations. Claude Chapp is not yet the inventor of the phone, but his big fan, Napoleon, has implemented his way of communication almost throughout Europe. By the way, the transfer rate was quite high. For example, a message from St. Petersburg to Warsaw went somewhere 45 minutes, if only the weather was normal.

The invention of electricity and communication

When electricity was invented, at first scientists could not find it practical application. The first experience was the transfer of information to the distance. Austrian scientists, seeing the dependence of Telegraph Chappa on weather conditions, created his electric version. Member of the Academy of Munich Semmering in 1809 invented a device that was connected by thirty-five wires, each of which corresponded to figures and letters of the alphabet. The message came to the bath filled with water, there was a closure of the electrical network, at which gas bubbles were allocated, information on them was read and read. The design was very complicated, it did not immediately take root, only in 1832 a suitable electro-telegraph was made. It was invented by Schilling, a scientist from Russia, and later perfected by the English Cook and Wheatstone. So, gradually, we'll get to how the invention of the phone happened , briefly dwelling on important points.

The Morse Invention

His telegraphic alphabet and transmitting apparatus Morse demonstrated to the public in 1837. From that moment, the electric telegraph began its victorious procession around the world. Literally over 10 years of its line, most of North America and Europe have been entangled. Its triumph was the laying of a communication cable on the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean, made in 1866 with the aid of the Great Eastern ship, specially built for this purpose. When the radio was invented, the Morse code moved to the air. And now, despite the massive spread of satellite, cellular, other heaped connections, the Internet, there are people, and there are many who prefer to send telegrams. And not only in auls, but also in big cities. Now we are very close to such a significant date as the year of the invention of the phone.

When did the phone

In the early twentieth century, the main means of communication was the telephone. He was born much later than the telegraph, his predecessor. Even at the time when this predecessor was the main one, Philip Rice, a German scientist, in 1861 invented a device that uses a galvanic current to transfer human voice to any distance. After 15 years, Alexander Graham Bell, a teacher at a school in Philadelphia, demonstrated the first telephone electric apparatus at the World Exhibition. Remember: 1876 is the date when the phone was invented. But Elish Gray, another inventor, was only a couple of hours late with an application for the same invention. Therefore, the primacy in this matter is purely conditional.

Development of telephone communication

Literally five years later, a new means of communication, which was much simpler than a telegraph, became firmly embedded in human life. Have you seen the photos of the first phone? So, the famous Thomas Edison improved this device, and it became a truly household means of communication. And the telegraph was and remains public. There was an option and a field phone. Due to the speed of deployment and ease of use, it has become indispensable for the army and the military. The first telephone exchange was opened in 1878. This means of communication, like the telegraph, has acquired the status of inviolable. Their normal functioning could not prevent either the revolution or the war. From films about those times it is clear that one of the favorite occupations of military commanders of both the White Army and the Red Army during the Civil War was a quarrel by telephone.

Briefly about the first phone

You have already understood who is the official inventor of the phone. And what was this first phone? By the way, the invention was accidental, like many others in this life. In experiments and experiments, the stuck plate began to act as a primitive diaphragm, and to think out further was already a matter of time. As a result, Bell's phone became a sensation at the exhibition. Although the first device worked only at a distance of up to two hundred meters, with monstrous sound distortions, the transmitting and receiving devices were very primitive. The inventor created the "Bell Phone Society" and began to actively improve it. As a result, after one year, I patented the reinforcement and a new membrane for my device. A little later I used a carbon microphone (for increasing the transmission distance) and power from individual batteries. A little more than a hundred years, almost in this form, the phone existed.

The development of telephone communications in the twentieth century

How did the further development of the invention, which was written by Alexander Bell, proceeded? The phone he created, soon surpassed the telegraph connection and went on developing with leaps and bounds. Between Canada and Scotland in 1956, the first transatlantic telephone cable TAT-1 was laid. And after that - more than one hundred thousand kilometers of such cables. Including - Washington - Moscow, the famous government special wire, for communication between the American president and the head of the Soviet Union. No one else had access to him. Such a wired, cable telephone connection is, of course, much more expensive than a radiotelephone, especially if you count the amount of drowned and buried copper, but it does not intend to hand over its positions. At least because of its greater reliability and ability to intercept the conversation.

Phone today

Bell, the inventor of the phone, could not, most likely, represent the progress that communication has achieved to date. It would seem that the development of cellular communications should slow down wired, but the latter continues to move forward, especially in large cities: thanks to its reliability, as already mentioned, as well as the introduction of new technologies, for example, fiber-optic communication. And did you forget, on what wires is the Internet transmitted? By the same to which our grandparents talked, and in the central part of Moscow - great-grandfathers and great-grandmothers. Thanks to the latest technologies, the phone mastered the broadcast and turned from a fixed object into a very convenient and advanced human satellite.

Another version of the inventor of the phone

Expanding the subject of the invention of this means of communication, one can not fail to mention another version, according to which the inventor of the phone is Elisha Gray, and not Alexander Bell. In 2007, a book was published by the famous researcher, journalist Seth Shulman, in which he wrote that the latter had stolen the invention of a competitor and issued it for his. The main evidence is the notebook Bell, access to which until 1976 was very limited. It turns out, among other things, that Gray applied for a patent first, but his competitor, thanks to bribery and aggressive lawyers, managed to register a patent earlier. But even this is not all. There is a version that as the inventor of the first phone can be considered and Philip Rice, a German scientist. His device, created in the 1860s, was capable of transmitting speech for a distance, but it worked on a different principle. By the way, Gray started his work as a carpenter, studying at the Oberlin College in parallel. Then he experimented with telegraphic technique and electricity, invented a hotel notification device, a telegraph switch, a letter printing machine and other devices. The court for the right to be considered the inventor of the phone, he lost, and it was Bell who was considered the first since.

Further prospects for the development of communication facilities

The inventor of the phone, whoever it was, could probably imagine what further perspectives the communication media has. They are a bit of a fantasy field, but, nevertheless, they have the right to exist. This is telepathy, or, in other words, the transmission of thoughts to a distance. Back in the seventies of the last century, the Soviet academician Glushkov formulated this perspective. He noted that the human thought process will be sent to the computer, it will remember it, eventually it will turn out a complete symbiosis of the machine and the person. And I was sure that in 2020, the full compatibility of the computer and the human brain will be achieved. Considering how computer communication displaces traditional means of transferring information over a distance, the academician's forecast does not create the impression of a very fantastic one. After all, many fantasies seemed unrealistic. For example, a dwelling completely computerized, helmets connected to a PC, conveying visual sensations. Once it was a fantasy of Arthur Clark and Ray Bradbury. Or computer printing on the command of the human voice. When the transfer of thoughts to a distance is required, then this question will be resolved. It's just that this is not really needed for anyone.

A little about other inventions of mankind

Although the invention of the phone is one of the most important, but on it all the inventions of mankind do not end. Now we briefly list the ten most important of them.

1. Alcohol.
2. The Internet.
3. Birth control.
4. Antibiotics.
5. Anesthesia.
6. Printing.
7. Sewerage.
8. Instruments.
9. Cooking.
10. Language.

A brief biography of Alexander Bell

Once we talked about the invention of the great scientist, we must briefly outline his biography. He was born in Edinburgh (Scotland), on March 3, 1847. Many of his relatives had a profession of professional rhetoricians - uncle, grandfather and father. The latter even wrote a treatise on eloquence. Alexander first also went on their way, graduated from the corresponding school and became a teacher of music and eloquence. He studied at the University of Edinburgh, then moved to Bath (England). In 1870, the family moved to Canada and settled in Ontario. Here, Bell continued to deal with the issue of signal transmission through telecommunications, which was of interest in Scotland. He created, for example, an electric piano that transmitted music on wires. Soon, in 1873, Alexander became a teacher of speech physiology at the University of Boston. And three years later received a patent number 174465 for the invention of the phone. He also worked with light rays, which subsequently contributed to the creation of optical fiber technologies. In 1877 he married Mabel Hubbard, his pupil, in 1882 - became a US citizen. He died on August 2, 1992. In the country for a moment, in order to honor his memory, all the phones were disconnected.