The Cardinal World of 1661. The Russian-Swedish War of 1656-1658.

The Cardisian world of 1661 is a treaty that ended the war between Russia and Sweden. His conclusion affected not only Russia's international position, but also its position in the war with Poland.

The causes and preconditions of war

Under the terms of the peace treaty of 1617, signed in the city of Stolbovo, to Sweden crossed the territory from Lake Ladoga to Ivangorod. As a result, Russia was completely cut off from access to the Baltic Sea. Subsequent events in Europe led to an even greater strengthening of Sweden. According to the Westphalian world, which ended the Thirty Years' War, it gained vast territories on the shores of the Baltic and North Seas.

In 1655, Swedish troops invaded Krakow and Warsaw. These events marked the beginning of the Northern War. At that time, the hetman of the great Lithuanian Janusz Radziwill recognized the protectorate of the Swedish king over his state. This arrangement nullified all the military achievements of Russia in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

In 1656 the Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich concluded an alliance with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and declared war on Sweden.

The course of military operations in 1656-1658.

• At the end of July-August 1656, Russian troops entered Dinaburg and Kokenhausen. Also during this period the unsuccessful siege of Riga took place. In many respects this was due to the situation on the Ukrainian lands. At this time, the new hetman Ivan Vygovsky concluded an agreement with the Commonwealth on joint military operations against Russia.
• In the summer of 1656 military units under the command of Peter Potemkin occupied Nyenskans and blocked Noteburg. Support for operations in Ingermanland by Russian troops was provided by Karelian peasants.
• In the fall of 1656, parts of Alexei Mikhailovich were taken by Yuryev (south-eastern Livonia), Neuhausen, Atzel and Custer.
• In 1657 the Swedish troops launched an offensive and invaded the Pskov region.
• In June, at Valkom, Sheremetyev's detachment suffered a crushing defeat.
• September 16, 1657 the battle took place near Gdov. The Swedish troops were defeated by the corps of Prince Khovansky. As a result, the military initiative passed to the Russian army.
• In the beginning of 1658 the units under the command of Prince Khovansky captured Yamburg and approached Narva.
• After the signing of the peace treaty with Denmark, Sweden stepped up military operations. The detachment of Khovansky near Narva was defeated. In addition, the Swedish units managed to regain control of Nyenskans and Yamburg.

On December 20, 1658, a three-year Russo-Swedish truce was concluded in Valiesari. Under the terms of the treaty, Russia retained control over the seized territories in the Baltics.

Kardis world of 1661: reasons for signing and conditions

In 1661, Russia's position in the Northern War worsened considerably. There was a need to conclude a new treaty.

After lengthy negotiations, Russia concluded the Kardis peace with Sweden. Unlike the Valiesar agreement, the terms of this agreement were less favorable for the first party.

The main provisions of the Kardis world:

• Russia transferred to Sweden the cities won during the military campaigns of 1656-1658. Under the control of Adolph Johann I passed the important strategic point Kokenhausen, located on the right bank of the Daugava, Dorpat, Neuhausen, Marienburg, Syrensk. Having abandoned the Estland and Livonian territories, Russia transferred control over the Baltic states of Sweden.
• Sweden refused to support Rzeczpospolita in the war against Russia (1654-1667).
• According to the conditions of the Kardis world, Russian merchants were allowed to keep trading yards in the largest Swedish cities (Stockholm, Narva, Riga).
• Swedes got the right to create trading yards in Moscow, Novgorod and other major centers of Russia.
• According to the peace conditions, both sides pledged to return the prisoners.

Thus, the Kardis world actually established the boundaries defined by the Stolbov Treaty of 1617. This agreement was signed on unfavorable terms for Russia, but later it had a significant impact on the course of the war with Poland.

The consequences of the Cardis world for Russia

The Cardis world ended the war of 1656-1658. However, at the same time, Russia was drawn into a conflict with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The signing of the Kardis peace greatly facilitated her position in this war.

The fighting ceased in 1667 in connection with the signing of the Andrusov Truce. According to its conditions, the lands that left the Commonwealth during the Time of Troubles, as well as Smolensk and the Left Bank of Little Russia crossed Russia.