Television: the history of creation and development. History of Television in Russia

It is difficult for us to imagine our life without television. Even if we do not look at it, it still constitutes the most important part of our culture. Meanwhile, this invention is just over 100 years old. Television, the history of its origin and development, fits into such a small period of history, radically changed our communication, attitude to information, our states and culture.

Invention

The history of the invention of television lasts almost 100 years. Unlike radio, which was opened simultaneously by two people in different parts of the world, television is a complex, phased creation of technology. Each country has its own version of the history of the opening of television, which emphasizes the participation of its scientists in this process. This is because the technology was created by entire teams in the form of solving specific technical problems. In order not to go into technical subtleties, let's name the main engineers involved in this event.

At the origins is Willoughby Smith, who invented the photoelectric effect in selenium. The next stage of the discovery is connected with the name of the Russian scientist Boris Rosing, who patented the electric method of image transmission. Also contributed to the discovery made P. Nipkov, D. Baird, J. Jenkins, I. Adamyan, L. Termen, who independently from one another in different countries create transmitters for image translation. The next round of technology development is connected with the advent of electronic television. M. Dickman and G. Glaga registered the creation of a tube for image transmission. But the first patent for technology, which is still used today in TVs, was received by Boris Rosing in 1907. Then a whole galaxy of scientists worked on improving the technology. And in 1931 engineer V. Zvorykin creates an iconoscope, which is considered the first TV. On the basis of this invention, F. Farnsworth creates a kinescope. So the history of the creation of television is brief and looks.

Work principles

In 1928, with the beginning of regular broadcasting, the real story of the appearance of television begins. Ulysses Sanabria first used radio waves to transmit images and sound. The principle of television operation is a special projection of the image on the photosensitive plate in the cathode-ray tube. For a long time the history of television was associated with the improvement of this tube, this led to an improvement in the quality of the picture and to an increase in the screen surface. But with the advent of digital broadcasting, the principle has changed, now the kinescope with the radiant tube is not needed. It uses a completely different method of image transmission. It is encoded and transmitted by digital channels and through Internet systems.

Types of television

The long history of the development of television has led to the formation of numerous of its kinds. First, it is divided into black and white and color. Until 1950, all the TVs showed only a black and white picture. Two standards of color television: NTSC and SECAM - are still in effect all over the world. Also, television can be divided into paid and free. In each country there is a set of channels that any TV owner can watch. But there are also channels, the signal of which can be seen only for money. The forms of payment can be different, but the share of such television is steadily holding on to the figure of 30% of the total market.

By the method of signal transmission, television can be divided into:

• Ethereal, in this case the television receiver receives a signal from the television tower, this is the most common and widespread way of broadcasting;
• Cable, in this case the signal comes from the transmitter via a cable connected to the TV;
• Satellite - the signal is transmitted from the satellite and is picked up by a special antenna, which transmits the image to a special prefix connected to the TV;
• Internet TV, in this case the signal is transmitted through the Network.

By the way of encoding information, television is divided into analog and digital. The second is of a higher quality due to the newest coding and transmission standards.

TV Features

Television has long been an important social phenomenon, it has many significant functions. Due to its vast reach, availability and credibility, television is an important media tool. It is television that is an effective tool for disseminating information to the majority of the population.

Thus, the history of television can be briefly described by the word "informing". The second most important function is the formation of public opinion, it is not in vain that politicians and advertising seek to get into TV, it is this channel that helps convince the person of the correctness of this or that point of view and influence his behavior. Also, television performs a cultural and educational function. It translates cultural norms and values, disseminates socially approved standards, it conveys knowledge to people, forms criteria for assessing events and phenomena. Television is also capable of performing an integrative function, since it can unite people into certain communities. Like all media, television performs educational function: it tells about what is good and evil, sets moral standards and values. And, of course, television performs an entertaining function, it helps a person to relax, to enjoy watching TV.

Types of television broadcasts

The whole history of television is the way to find new formats for television programs. Channels are fighting for the viewer and therefore are forced to create new varieties. Modern television content can be divided into the following types:

• Entertaining programs . Television for many people is the main means of leisure, so the channels try to offer a variety of entertainment programs for different groups of viewers.
• Information transfer . The history of the appearance of television is associated primarily with the need to disseminate information, and still many people turn on the TV in order to learn news and get more information about phenomena and facts.
• Information and entertainment programs . The combination of two important functions allows to attract more viewers, and therefore producers try to combine two formats in one kind of programs.
• Educational programs . These programs are aimed at deepening and expanding knowledge on any issues. They provide viewers with useful information, allow them to learn something new and expand their horizons.
• Socially activating programs . This content is aimed at mobilizing viewers, involving them in any socially significant activity, for example, elections.

The appearance and development of television broadcasting in the world

In 1928 the first television station began its work. Ulysses Sanabria first began to transmit images and sound over the frequencies of his radio station. But to start regular broadcasting was not possible for them-for the Great Depression. The mass history of television with regular broadcasting begins in 1934 in Germany. The German broadcaster RRG broadcast for the first time in history from the Berlin Olympics on the TV channel. In 1936, regular broadcasting was installed in the UK. A little while later, television companies appeared in the US and the USSR.

In 1950, the USA introduced for the first time a new standard of color television, almost instantly this trend was picked up in all developed countries. In 1967, Europe and the USSR introduced their own color television standard. Gradually, a television culture is being formed, a system of genres is being developed, program archives are being created, professional TV journalists and presenters are appearing. In the second half of the 20th century, television became massive, it existed almost in every house of the Earth.

The history of television development can be briefly described as an aspiration for world domination. Television has always competed with cinematography, theater, mass spectacles, but eventually took its place in modern culture, not winning, but not losing the match.

The arrival of television in Russia

The history of the development of television in Russia begins with a delay in comparison with the other developed countries. This was hampered by the Second World War, which set other, more urgent, tasks for the state. Regular broadcasting begins in 1931, when the medium-wave translator is launched. Initially, only 30 mechanical TV sets accept it, later Russian masters start making home-made receivers. In 1933 the production of attachments to the radio receiver "B-2" begins to receive the domestic television signal. In 1949, the serial production of domestic TV sets KVN begins. In 1951, the Central Television of the State Television and Radio of the USSR was created. In 1959, experiments were conducted on the launch of color broadcasting. In 1965, the USSR launched the first satellite, which allows broadcasting a television signal throughout the country.

Soviet television

The massive history of television in Russia begins in 1951, when the central studio begins to operate. The Soviet authorities took seriously the creation of the television company, realizing its enormous potential for influencing the minds of the population of the country. Therefore, the government approached the organization of the studio's work thoroughly, it opened several thematic editions: socio-political, for children and youth, musical, literary and dramatic. A year later, the Leningrad Television Studio appeared. Both television studios report to the Ministry of Culture of the USSR.

Until 1965, broadcasting was conducted only in Moscow and Leningrad. In the second half of the 50s television studios appeared in many regions, they shot subjects for the central studio. In the late 60's, broadcasting began to spread to European territory, and since 1965 - to the whole country. Gradually new editions appear: "The Latest News", "The First Program", "The Moscow Program," "Educational Program," etc. Broadcasting time is expanding, with the passage of time new channels appear. There is a division according to figures, on the first digit broadcasts the Central Studio, on the second there are local programs. In the early 80-ies there are republican television studios. Central television is starting to launch several takes for different regions.

The new television in Russia

With the reorganization, the approaches to the work of television are changing, it becomes possible to organize independent television companies. The history of creating a new format television begins with the appearance of the TV company "VID". It is organized by young journalists V. Listyev, A. Lyubimov, A. Razbash, D. Zakharov. The broadcaster begins to create various products and sells them to new broadcasters. In 1989, the corporatization of existing television studios began, new organizations appeared: Ostankino, VGTRK, Petersburg - Channel 5. Between them the main frequencies are distributed, small TV companies start to shoot different programs for them. In 1996, the rapid growth of new TV companies of various sizes, from large, for example NTV and Ren-TV, to the smallest, urban level begins. Such diversity leads to the fact that the air shows a lot of programs of various kinds: from political to entertaining. The number of television professionals is growing in the country, television is becoming an economically profitable sphere of activity.

Since 2006, a clear division into state and commercial television begins, between which there is intense competition for the viewer. Today in Russia there are about 3200 television companies that create a product for all groups of viewers.

Commercial TV in Russia

The history of Russian television repeats the history of the whole country. Therefore, when the USSR collapsed and a state emerges with new economic and political principles, television is also forced to change. So, there is commercial television, which, in addition to the previously listed functions, pursues the goal of extracting economic profits. The commercialization of television leads to the emergence of advertising, which is the source of finance. There is also a segment of pay-TV, which includes cable, satellite and Internet TV.

In Russia, this process is extremely slow, most of the population is not ready to pay for a television product, and commercial channels can not offer many unique content that would compete with free television. The Internet, in which Russians can receive almost any information for free, is an additional complication for the development of paid television. However, you can see that gradually the inhabitants of Russia are accustomed to such services as cable and satellite television, which for a small amount brings a large number of channels to the house.

With great difficulty, but purely commercial television is formed, which exists only through the sale of its television product. An example is, for example, the independent television company Dozhd, which exists through the sale of a subscription to its channel and attracts viewers with unique author programs. The history of television on a paid basis in the West has a much more successful story. In Russia, however, so far commercial television is trying to exist at the expense of advertisers, attracting a large number of viewers on a free basis.

Digital television

The whole history of television is associated with the development of technical progress. It affects the change in the technology of image transmission and causes the emergence of new types of television. So, with the advent of digital technologies, the corresponding television appears. There are several options for digital signal transmission: cable, satellite and terrestrial. The newest technologies allow TV receivers with a special decoder to receive on par with the analog and digital signal. Digital technology allows you to quickly broadcast to any distance to broadcast high-definition images. Depending on the type of encoding, there are several world standards: European, Japanese and American. The main advantages of digital television over analogue are as follows:

• Reduction of interference during signal transmission;
• Increase of transmitted programs in one frequency range;
• Improving the quality of the transmitted image and sound;
• The possibility of interactive interaction with the viewer, he can choose the viewing time, review programs, order certain content;
• The possibility of transmitting additional information, except for television programs.

Today, all over the world, there is a rapid replacement of analog transmitters with digital transmitters. Russia has also adopted a program for replacing analogue broadcasting with digital, today all the main channels transmit two types of signals, but the number of analog channels will gradually decrease. Over time, when all viewers replace television receivers in their homes with modern, analog television will come to naught.

Modern trends in the development of television in the world

With the development of the Internet, the history of television development changes its vector. Today every major TV company creates an electronic version of the channel, where you can see TV shows, leave comments, make some requests. Television changes the model of interaction with the audience, now the channels are constantly trying to involve spectators in communication. And obviously, this trend will only develop. Viewers already have the opportunity to leave comments, vote, ask questions to the characters of the programs. Apparently, in the near future the grid of broadcasting will lose its relevance, each spectator will form his grid upon request. The modern viewer is increasingly becoming a consumer, and his interests will continue to shape the way information is presented on television. The trend of integrating television with electronic media will, apparently, only increase. The TV will become not only a receiver of tele-content, but also a multifunctional device.

Prospects for the development of television in Russia

The modern history of domestic television is moving in the same direction as the global one. In 2004, for the first time in Russia, access was made to the fiber-optic method of transmitting a television signal. This opened a new era of Internet television. Today, TV companies are under intense pressure from electronic media, which attract viewers, especially young people. Therefore, it is obvious that the history of television in Russia will develop in competition and cooperation with the Internet. Today, 99% of households are covered by TV broadcasting, but there is a trend of abandoning TV sets, especially in young families in the metropolitan region. Apparently, the existing variety of TV companies will decrease slightly due to migrating to the Internet, the specialization of companies will intensify, the division into broadcasting and manufacturing companies will become more intense.