Table "Formation of Soviet statehood." Formation of Soviet statehood: briefly about the main

Formation of the Soviet statehood, the table of the main stages of which will be given in the article, began with the Second Congress. It was convened at a turning point. Petrograd was already in the hands of the insurgent peasants and workers. At the same time, the Winter Palace, in which the Provisional Government met , remained unobserved. This information is known from the general school course. Within the educational program "History (9th grade)" the formation of Soviet statehood is described in a succinct form. Key points of the process are identified in chronological order, an assessment is made for each turning point. Next, consider the features that accompanied the formation of Soviet statehood. A summary of the main events will be supplemented by their analysis.

Accomplishment of the Revolution

On the night of October 24 to October 25, 1917, a historic uprising took place. His leadership was carried out from the Smolny Institute. Soldiers, sailors who took the side of the Bolsheviks, without any difficulties, occupied key positions in the city. On the 25th of October at 2:35 in the assembly hall in Smolny an emergency meeting began. On it, Lenin proclaimed that the revolution had come to pass.

Formation of Soviet statehood: a summary of the lesson (grade 9)

The purpose of the lesson is to familiarize the students with the peculiarities and consequences of the process.

Tasks:

1. Developing skills in working with the text of the text, the ability to analyze it, to draw up a scheme on its basis.
2. Development of communicative abilities of speech interaction.
3. Formation of skills in constructing questions.

Form of training: group.

Type of lesson: the lesson of learning new information.

Key skills realized in the course of work:

• Communicative.
• Organizational.
• Activities in the group.
• Ability to learn the material.

Equipment: handouts, markers, paper, notebook, textbook, map "Formation of Soviet statehood."

Plan:

1. Establishment of government bodies. Elimination of class and national inequality.
2. Union of Socialist-Revolutionaries and Bolsheviks. The Third Congress of Soviets.
3. Features of management on the ground.

The first management document

In his capacity, the Second Congress addressed the peasants, soldiers and workers. This document was adopted on October 25, 1917. The proclamation proclaimed the formation of Soviet statehood. In short, the document established a new power in the country. This appeal formulated the main domestic and foreign policy directions. In particular, they proclaimed:

• Peace.
• A transfer of land to the peasants.
• Democratization of the army.
• Introduction of workers' control over production, etc.

All these theses the next day were concretized and embodied in the first Decrees "Earth" and "On the World." Another document formed the first government. In the resolution of the congress it was said about the formation of a temporary workers 'and peasants' body, which was given the name of the Council of People's Commissars. The special commissions were entrusted with the management of individual branches of the country's life. The composition of these bodies was to ensure the implementation of the program proclaimed at the congress. Formation of Soviet statehood began with the establishment of People's Commissariats:

• Labor.
• Agriculture.
• Military and naval affairs.
• Trade and Industry.
• Finance.
• Public education.
• Foreign affairs and others.

Central and supreme structures

They determined the further formation of Soviet statehood. As the Supreme Body, the All-Russian Congress was proclaimed. His authority included resolving any issues related to governance in the country. The Congress was formed by the Central Executive Committee (Central Executive Committee). He had supreme power between congresses. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee was formed by proportional representation from party factions. In the first composition was 101 members. Of these, 62 are Bolsheviks, 29 are Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, 6 are Mensheviks-internationalists, 3 are Ukrainian socialists and one Socialist-Revolutionary maximalist. Kamenev became the Chairman of the Committee. As the central authority became the Council of People's Commissars. He was led by Lenin. The specificity of the new bodies was the combination of executive and legislative functions.

Thus, the formation of the Soviet statehood, government and government was proclaimed by the Second Congress. It formulated the general principles of organization and laid the foundation for a new administrative system.

The role of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries

After the seizure of power, the Bolsheviks sought to expand the social base. To this end, they held talks with the advanced left-wing Socialist-Revolutionaries on the conditions under which the latter will join the Council of People's Commissars. At the meeting of the Central Executive Committee in early November, a compromise resolution was approved. The emphasis was placed on the fact that the agreement of the socialist parties is possible only with the recognition of the Second Congress as the only source of power, the program of the new government in the form it was expressed in decrees. In December, these negotiations ended, and as a result, a coalition government was created. The Union with the Socialist-Revolutionaries made a great contribution to the formation of Soviet statehood, especially in the first months after the revolution. With the direct participation of representatives, the Declaration on the Rights of the Exploited People and Workers at the Third Congress was drafted and approved. This document proclaimed Russia the Soviet Republic. The SRs together with the Bolsheviks voted unanimously to end the activity of the Constituent Assembly. This decision allowed to eliminate formal obstacles that slowed the formation of Soviet statehood. To put it briefly, an alliance with the Socialist-Revolutionaries has made it possible to solve the key administrative task of uniting representatives of workers 'and soldiers' deputies. This unification occurred at the Third Congress in January 1918, where a new composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was created. It was attended by 129 Socialist-Revolutionaries and 160 Bolsheviks. Nevertheless, this union did not last long. The Brest peace was soon ratified, but the Socialist-Revolutionaries were against it. As a result, in the middle of March 1917 they left the government. In July, the SRs raised a revolt, which, however, was quickly suppressed. The rupture of the union reflected the processes taking place in society, which led to the expansion of civil strife. This confrontation, of course, left its imprint on the formation of Soviet statehood.

Administrative apparatus

The end of 1917 - the beginning of 1918-th. They were marked by the replacement of the old authorities with new ones. The apparatus of the People's Commissariats and other administrative structures were created. At the end of October 1917, the workers 'and peasants' militia was formed. The Cheka entered into the structure of the Council of People's Commissars, a commission that carried out the struggle against sabotage and counter-revolution. In early December 1917, the Sovnarkhoz was formed. This body had to manage the economy of the country by coordinating the activities of the existing economic commissariats. In addition to the police and the Cheka, the fleet and the army acted as integral elements of the new statehood.

Characteristics of the new government

The Bolsheviks were based on the worldview of their leaders. After the seizure of power, they considered it a paramount task to break down the former state machine. The Bolsheviks believed that the management system was outdated and could not solve the advanced tasks of our time. At the same time, they allowed the probability of preserving and subsequently using certain elements of the old administrative mechanism. Managerial inexperience of new bodies was compensated by organizational skills and revolutionary enthusiasm. In the records management and the very structure of the People's Commissariats, there is a huge variety of approaches to the implementation of management tasks. The number of new organs was also inconstant. Some people's commissariats acted for 2-3 months.

Features of the establishment of power in the field

It happened both by peaceful means and by armed suppression of the counter-revolution. The legal basis for removing the power of representatives of the former government was contained in the above-mentioned Appeal proclaimed at the Second Congress. In the uyezd and provincial cities, the transition to a new government was relatively painless. This was due to the fact that central authorities could send representatives to them. The situation in the zemstvo administration was somewhat more complicated. This was due to the large number of local authorities.

Local Soviets, unable to replace the city and zemsky structures, tried to use them when solving the most urgent and operational local issues. Supervised by these bodies are the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Bolsheviks (before the break-up of the union).

Synthesis of information

Above is described the training course titled "The Formation of Soviet Statehood (Grade 9)." The table, presented below, summarizes historical information.

Conclusion

The central government took care to spread its influence on the ground as soon as possible. During the first months the Soviets had a wide range of powers. They were also supported by military formations. In April 1918, a decree was approved, according to which the governor's military committees were transferred to hospitals, institutions, divisions, property stocks and warehouses.

In many cases, local Soviets did not have regular contact with the central office. This allowed them to be sovereign masters in the jurisdictional territories.