Styles and types of speech: table. What are the types and styles of speech?

Speech is a necessary means of human communication. The scope of its application causes the division into varieties, which are called functional styles. In all, there are five: scientific, official, business, journalistic, colloquial and artistic. Each of the styles is realized both in oral and written forms, has its own lexical, syntactic, and morphological features.

Separately, the types of speech are also singled out. The table presented in this article will help to understand this issue.

Functional styles of speech find their realization in a variety of genres - forms of speech, which are characterized by certain ways of expressing thoughts. Such ways of exposition are divided into types of speech. The table will be presented below. It is worth noting that individual subspecies may overlap in practice.

Let us turn to the details of the theme "Styles and types of speech in the Russian language."

Functional forms of information presentation

What are the types, styles of speech? As we have already said, five functional types of information are defined in the Russian language. Consider each.

Scientific style of speech

This is a functional kind of speech, the main field of application of which is science. The main purpose is to communicate information and to confirm its truth, to identify cause-effect relationships and study them. Types, styles, genres of speech of the scientific direction are widely used in higher educational institutions.

The main feature of vocabulary is the availability of terms and the lack of imagery means of speech. In the morphological aspect, the peculiarity of the considered style is the use of a large number of verbal nouns, official verbs in conjunction with nouns, imperfective verbs of the present time, singular singular in the meaning of the plural, pronouns of the I-th person of the plural. Syntax is characterized by the presence of introductory words, homogeneous sentence members, compound, generalized, impersonal and vaguely personal sentences.

Realization of scientific style is carried out in the following genres: scientific articles, monographs, lectures, dissertations, textbooks.

Other types of speech will be described below. The table-diagram will help to understand this question in more detail.

Official and business style of speech

This kind is used in the sphere of public management and law. Its function is to streamline, standardize information, aim - to regulate relations. The key word in the examination of the official-business style is "standardization," that is, certain forms inherent in lexicon, morphology and syntax.

Features vocabulary formal-business style is the presence of professional vocabulary, phraseological units, archaisms, historicism, chancellarism, abbreviations.

Morphological features of this type of speech can be considered the presence of verbs of an indefinite form (infinitive), modal words, the predominance of relative adjectives over qualitative ones, the use of masculine nouns instead of feminine nouns, the use of nouns that call the human sign according to the action, derivatives of prepositions, verbal nouns with a particle " Not ", complex words formed from several bases.

Syntactic features: the use of nouns in the genitive case by the growing construction, the predominance of complex sentences, the existence of simple sentences with homogeneous terms.

The diversity of the genres of the official business style is due to its subdivision into the official documentary and everyday business sub-forms. The first regulates the state sphere of management, and the second - business communication. Types of documents of the official documentary lining: laws, regulations, agreements, decrees, communiqués. Types of documents of everyday and business sub-strings: protocols, statements, memoranda, acts, power of attorney.

Publicistic style of speech

This type is inherent in the mass media, the main purpose of which is assessment information and influence on the emotional-volitional sphere of a person.

Lexical features of the journalistic style can be considered a compilation of speech resources: the use of terminology, neologisms, synonyms, and chancery, which is due to the primary tasks of this style, aimed at the impact of the reader, the viewer. Journalism can use journalistic types and styles of speech. The table below will describe the features of this type of presentation.

The features of grammatical forms in the journalistic style are manifested in the use of complex words, the substantivization of adjectives and participles. The syntax of the journalistic style is distinguished by the use of one-part sentences, interrogative and exclamatory sentences.

The breadth of the genres of publicistic speech is possible due to its functions: information and impact. In addition, we can distinguish such sub-types: informational, analytical and artistic-journalistic. The genre of the information type of speech is considered a note, reportage, interview; Analytical - review, review; Artistic and journalistic - essay, essay.

Conversational style

This kind of presentation of information covers the sphere of everyday communication of people, which leaves a mark on its features. The most widely used are conversational types and styles of speech. The table below will describe their difference from other species.

Features morphology of the colloquial style: the predominance of multiple, single-action verbs, widespread use of pronouns, minimal use of participles and gerunds.

Artistic style of speech

This kind is used for writing works. Lexical features of this type: synonymy, occasionalisms, phraseological units, trails, the use of words in a figurative sense.

Morphological features of the artistic style are the wide use of adjectives, adverbs, verbs, the predominance of feminine and neuter gender in nouns.

Syntactically, artistic speech uses all the variety of Russian language constructions. Genres of this style are: a story, a novel, a story, an ode, a poem.

Types of speech. Table

The content of speech is characterized by communicative ways of expressing thoughts, which define how types of speech. They include narrative, description and reasoning. Let us consider the types of speech in detail. The table will help a deeper understanding.

So, narrative is a speech method of expressing thoughts in dynamic development. For the narrative, the following composition is inherent: stringing-development-culmination-denouement. The narrative is characterized by the use of verbs and adverbs. This way of exposition is most characteristic for publicistic, colloquial and artistic styles of speech.

Description - this is the type of presentation of information that "depicts" objects, phenomena of nature, passes their evaluation. Compositional, this kind of speech is structured in this way: a general idea of the subject - individual attributes of the subject - conclusions, author's judgments. The description is characterized by the use of imperfective verbs, simple, incomplete, naming sentences.

Reasoning is a type of speech in which causal relationships are presented, which causes the following structure: thesis - argument - conclusion. For reasoning, the use of introductory words, complex syntactic constructions is typical .

Basic data describing speech types will be presented in the table below.

Summarize

We consider the styles and types of speech in Russian are not static. People choose for themselves the form of communication. Often, border styles of presentation of information are mixed. This is due to the social function of speech.