Structure of economic systems: types, classification. Subjects of the economy. Economic systems: table

The main task of the economic system is the integration of the aggregate, which is composed entirely of all components of the economy: households, individual enterprises, whole industries, relations regarding reproduction, distribution, and so on. Thus, in each society, under the influence of certain factors, an individual complex is formed, which makes it possible to coordinate economic activity. It is advisable to consider in detail the main types of such systems and the features of their structuring.

The concept of the economic system

Strangely enough, the use of such a widespread concept has a very interesting and long history (the era of Antiquity). Translated from the Greek language, "system" means something holistic, formed from separate components, which are interconnected. организуют хозяйственные процессы (основные стадии: производство, обмен, распределение и, наконец, потребление), в результате которых создаются различные блага, наделенные материальным или духовным оттенком. The subjects of the economy organize economic processes (the main stages: production, exchange, distribution and, finally, consumption), as a result of which various goods are created, endowed with a material or spiritual connotation. в процессе взаимодействия между собой по поводу прохождения каждой из представленных выше стадий, а также регулирования данной деятельности в соответствии с поставленными целями. Thus, the economic system can be defined as the aggregate of all types of economic activity performed by economic entities in the process of interaction with each other regarding the passage of each of the above stages, as well as the regulation of this activity in accordance with the objectives set.

The key reason for the existence of this category is the universal law of the economy, the main idea of which is relative limited resources. At the heart of its action are only two factors: the growth of human needs, the actual constantly, and the limited material wealth for their implementation.

As it turned out, the economic system can not function outside the framework of society, which is why a huge number of actors should be acting in it, which all participants of the system are considered to be functioning in, whose needs and interests under the application of professional efforts are necessarily realized. Since the subjects of the economy are a great many, and some of them have close functions of purpose in their direction, it is customary to classify them into groups. Examples of such groups are producers and consumers, employers and employees, sellers and buyers, creditors and debtors and so on.

Absolutely all functions of the economy are reduced to the indirect interaction of society and the environment, ensuring contact and organization of technological processes, their inclusion in the social and economic system, control over them in the interests of business entities. It should be noted that any economic system has the following main features:

• Unity and integrity of all the components of the complex.
• Dependence of the material and material aspect of the public, and vice versa.
• The complexity and versatility of the structure itself. This can be explained by the fact that each component of the system can act as part of one whole or as a subsystem subject to a larger scale category. For example, modern production is endowed with two subsystems (the sphere of material production and the sphere of non-material production).

In the process of developing the economy as a definite system, two absolutely opposite tendencies can be traced. The first of them tends to stability, that is, to the preservation of all components of the system and the connections formed between them. And the second tendency is for variability, for the introduction of innovative elements, both for the technical and social spheres of society. Because of this state of affairs, the equilibrium of the elements of one aggregate is usually established only for a certain period of time, after which it is violated because of the influence of some internal or external factors.

It should be noted that different criteria are applied in the process of considering different economic systems. The main ones are the following:

• The form of management, which is considered prevailing. So, absolutely all systems are classified into complexes with natural and commodity forms of economic management.
• Forms of ownership that have distinct advantages with respect to a particular system (the following types of aggregates are singled out: communal, private-owned, cooperative-communal, and so on).
• The method of distribution of the revenue side, according to which economic systems are classified into community-equalizing, factorial (income distribution strictly by production factors), distributive (in terms of quantity, and also the quality of the contribution of labor resources).
• The degree of government intervention during economic processes. So, allocate free, economically controlled, administrative-command and mixed types of economic systems.
• The method of coordinating the implementation of professional transactions by economic entities, according to which economic systems are classified into planned, market and traditional ones.
• The level of openness for international relations and access to the world market.
• The degree of maturity, according to which the systems are to be divided into still developing, fully developed and already degrading.

Types of economic systems. Economic systems (table)

In the process of considering the types of economic systems, a number of factors need to be touched upon, so it will be useful to study this point through a specially designed table:

Main advantages and disadvantages of economic systems

As it turned out, each of today's economic systems is endowed with certain features and specifics. But how to identify the most effective option? To do this, it is necessary to assess and analyze the main advantages and disadvantages that economic systems are endowed with (the table is presented below):

Selection of most countries

) Конечно, множество вопросов как общенационального, так и регионального направления решаются здесь государственными структурами, однако для применения именно этой системы есть весьма значительные причины: It should be noted that the modern system of the economy of most countries is endowed with a mixed nature (see above " The concept and structure of the economic system" ). Of course, many issues of national as well as regional direction are solved here by state structures, but for this system there are very significant causes:

• »). Some social needs, formed in a specific way (the development of laws, the maintenance of the army, the organization of traffic, the fight against viruses, epidemics, etc.) in the case of a mixed economy are satisfied much better than is possible on the basis of other market mechanisms (see above " Structure Economic systems ").
• The traditional economy is able to mitigate most of the negative effects of market mechanisms. Examples include significant differences in the financial situation of citizens, damage to the environment caused by the activities of commercial companies, and the like.

Types of economic system structures

The most important property of any economic system is the existence of a structure. Thus, the category consists of subcategories (households and individual enterprises). A household is a small economic system, where resource owners and consumers are within the family. They consume the final products and services that are produced by enterprises integrated into the industry. And the industry can be described as more large-scale economic systems that produce a certain type of products. They form inter-branch complexes (the most significant ones).

Additional Items

может включать и другие составляющие: It should be noted that any economic system of society (see above "Structure of economic systems") may include other components:

• Systems of socio-economic nature (with a political, demographic or natural bias).
• Systems of technical and economic orientation (sectoral, intersectoral, regional).

All the presented complexes serve each other. They are united by one structure of social organization and management, and they interact through product exchange. служит внутренней организацией общественного производства. The structure of economic systems serves as an internal organization of social production. That is why its manifestation is carried out through people and their activities with respect to the production of products and services.

Functional

экономической системы предусматривает согласование в плане взаимодействия человека, окружающей среды и, конечно же, продукта, который создается посредством приложения усилий первых двух. The functional structure of the economic system provides for coordination in terms of human interaction, the environment and, of course, the product that is created through the application of the efforts of the first two. In structure of considered type of structure allocate the following subsystems:

• Society and life of its individual members.
• The sphere of production, society and nature as a source of resources.
• Infrastructure with respect to ecology, society and economy.
• Resource, spiritual and recreational environment.

своим центральным звеном считает население и его жизнедеятельность, которая обеспечивает функционирование каждого макроэлемента в структуре социально-экономической системы на разных уровнях. Naturally, the functional structure of its central link considers the population and its life activity, which ensures the functioning of each macroelement in the structure of the socio-economic system at different levels.

Branch

экономической системы определяет связи в хозяйстве, которые носят производственно-технологический характер. The branch structure of the economic system determines the links in the economy, which are of an industrial and technological nature. In the process of division of labor, they have the property of separating themselves into vertical or horizontal structures. In the first case, branches of a single redistribution of the initial or accompanying raw materials are created in the technological plan. And in the second (in accordance with the regions) - the industry, the link between which serves as the unity of territorial interests.

представляет собой совокупность элементов экономического комплекса, которая характеризуется конкретными пропорциями и взаимосвязями. Branch structure is a combination of elements of the economic complex, which is characterized by specific proportions and relationships. It is important to note that in the economy there are two key industries: manufacturing products (construction, forestry, agriculture, etc.) and services of producing nature (trade, communications, transport and others). определяются, прежде всего, первостепенным анализом ВВП, численностью занятых в экономике, а также концентрацией основных фондов по отраслям. The features of the sectoral structure are determined, first of all, by the primary analysis of GDP, the number of people employed in the economy, and also by the concentration of fixed assets by industry.

Regional and monetary

подразделяется на ряд обособленных компонентов: The regional structure is divided into a number of separate components:

• The structure formed on the basis of economic division on the basis of division of labor in a territorial way.
• The structure, which is developed in accordance with national-state principles.
• The structure that displays the territorial-administrative structure of each of the subjects of the federation.
• Areas where the implementation of cumulative regional programs is carried out.

отражает денежный аспект явлений и процессов, происходящих в экономике. The monetary structure of the economic system reflects the monetary aspect of the phenomena and processes occurring in the economy. Thus, all components of a material-material nature are expressed in monetary units.

Material-material

экономической системы отображается за счет натуральных показателей (как качества, так и количества материальных благ). The material-material structure of the economic system is displayed at the expense of natural indicators (both quality and quantity of material goods). But in fact not all products can be compared with each other and changed in terms of natural nature. After all, 5 tons of potatoes and 5 tons of bread can not be compared! см. выше). That is why money came to the aid (the classification of the structures of the economic system see above).

It should be noted that all the structural elements of any system in the process of interaction constantly create proportions (quantitative ratios of the components of one whole), the most important of which are the following:

• Macroeconomic are determined by the movement of GDP and are displayed at the national level.
• Interindustry characterize the relationship between extraction and processing of raw materials, production and non-productive spheres, and so on.
• Intra-industry shows the processes that occur at all stages of reproduction.
• The international deal with the orientation of the national economy on the world market and form external economic ties.