Stages and stages of development of the team: methodology

All people living on our planet are united in a variety of numerous stable and not very generalities. They are called groups. Similar communities are different, namely: social, small and large, formal and informal, conditional and real, labor and educational, etc. In addition, groups of low and high levels of development are singled out.

For the first of them, there is a lack of cohesion, a clear division of leaders and personal relationships. A group of high-level development is usually called a collective. This community has those properties that are absent in the formation at a low level of its development.

The notion of collective

The path that the low-level group goes through to the very top of its development is individual. But in the end such a community has a significant impact on the individual.

Characteristics of the team

A group of people reaches their high level of development, if there is:
- common goal;
- Team work;
- interdependent relationship of responsibility;
- general leadership, which can be either one of the most authoritative members, or management bodies.

In the team there are different types of relationships:
- personal, based on sympathy, antipathy and attachment;
- business, necessary for joint solution of assigned tasks.

School staff

An educational group plays a special role in the formation of the personality . It is created in the school and formed from students on the basis of common aspirations towards success, and also on the basis of normal social relations. In such a collective there is a high organization of interpersonal relations and self-government. The formation of such a community activates the pupils in increasing the focus, forms their culture of behavior and positive interpersonal relationships.

The school team includes the following elements:
- primary (classes);
- temporary (circles, sports sections);
- formal (self-government school, student committee);
- Informal.

Means of Education

Formation of the personality of the student in the school community occurs through:
- educational work;
- extra-curricular activities;
- labor activity;
- Cultural and educational and social and social work.

In order to form a healthy school team, it is necessary:
- to educate the student's asset, which helps the teacher and positively influences all his classmates;
- correctly organize sports and recreation, educational, labor and training activities;
- clearly formulate pedagogical requirements.

Stages of formation of the collective

The great teacher A. S. Makarenko formulated the basic law according to which the community of pupils should live. Its main principle is movement. It is a form of collective life. Stopping always means his death.

The main principles of the team, in the opinion of the great teacher, are dependence and publicity, as well as perspective. An important role in this is played also by the parallel actions of all its members.

Also, Makarenko revealed the stages of development of the collective. They consist of four stages, the first of which is becoming. It occurs during the formation of a class, circle or group into a collective or a socio-psychological community, where the relations between students are determined by their goals, tasks and the nature of their joint activities. At the same time, the main organizer is a teacher who puts forward certain requirements for children.

At the second stage of the development of the collective, the influence of the asset is strengthened. These are students who not only fulfill the teacher's requirements, but also present them to the other classmates. At this stage of development, the collective acts as an integral system in which the mechanisms of self-regulation and self-organization are already developed and begin to work. At the same time, this community is an instrument of purposeful education of positive human qualities.

The third stage of the development of the team for Makarenko is flourishing. Community comes to a stage of its development, when the demands of its members to themselves become higher than to their surroundings. All this testifies to the achievement of a high level of upbringing, as well as the stability of the judgments and views of students.

Being in such a collective, a person has all the prerequisites in the formation of her morality and integrity. The main sign of such a community at this stage of development is the existence of common experience and the same evaluation of certain events.

The fourth stage of development of a group is a movement. At this stage, students, relying on the already acquired collective experience, present to themselves certain requirements. At the same time, the basic need of children is the observance of moral standards. At this stage, the process of education smoothly turns into self-education.

All stages of development of the team for Makarenko have no clear boundaries. Each of the following stages is added to the previous one, and does not replace it.

Describing his theory of the stages of development of the collective, the great teacher paid much attention to the traditions created by his members. These are stable forms of community life, helping to develop a line of behavior, as well as decorating and developing school life.

According to Makarenko, to rally and captivate the team is capable of a goal that can be close, medium and distant. The first of these is supported by personal interest. The average goal is determined by complexity and time, and the distant one is the most socially significant. Such a system of prospects must permeate the whole team. Only then will its development proceed in a natural way.

Considering the stages of development of the children's educational collective, Makarenko also put forward the principle of parallel actions. What does it mean? At one or another stage of the development of the collective, each of its members is under the simultaneous influence of the educator and his comrades. Sometimes the punishment of the guilty can be too harsh. That's why this principle of Makarenko's councils should be used with caution.

According to the theory of a well-known teacher, the following features are typical for a fully formed collective:
- constant cheerfulness;
- friendly unification of all members;
- self-respect;
- motivation for orderly action;
- a sense of security;
- emotional restraint.

Development of the theory of Makarenko

Characteristics of the development stages of the collective was also considered in the works of Sukhomlinsky. This teacher, working for many years as a teacher and director of the school, on the basis of his own experience, formulated a set of principles through which a highly organized group of students is formed. Among them:
- unity of pupils;
- Initiative;
- amateur performance;
- the richness of the relationship between pupils and the teacher;
- harmony of interests;
- the leading role of the teacher, etc.

The stages of development of the collective are considered in their works by AT Kurakin, LI Novikov, and others. And they have a completely different approach to this issue. These authors believe that at the stage of development of the student collective, children can be united not only by requirements. Help in this and other means.

Recently, there is a distinct tendency to understand under the collective a group whose members have a high level of development. At the same time, such a community should be characterized by integrative activity, cohesion and a single focus. The most significant quality of the group, according to modern authors, is the level of socio-psychological maturity. It is this feature that is the main prerequisite for creating a group-collective. What are the main stages of its formation?

At the first stage of development of the group-collective there is a conglomerate. This community consists of previously unfamiliar children, who were collected at one time in one space. The mutual relations of children at this stage, as a rule, are situational and superficial. If such a group is given a name, then it will be nominalized. In the event that the members of such a collective do not accept the conditions and goals set before them, then the transition from the conglomerate will not happen. Such cases are not uncommon in school practice.

If the initial union did occur, the collective accepted the status of primary. In this case, the group goes to the association, where the goal for each of its members is projected by the task. At this level, the first bricks are laid in the formation of the collective. When living together, the group moves to a higher level of organization, changing interpersonal relationships.

In the presence of favorable conditions, the development stage of the children's collective is changing. At the next stage a cooperative group is formed. Such a community is distinguished by a successful and really functioning structure of the organization. Also in this case there is a high level of group collaboration and preparedness. All relations between the members of the cooperative group are of a business nature and are aimed at achieving the stated goal.

The concept of Lutoshkin

According to this author, there are the following stages of development of the student collective:
1. The first stage is a nominal group. This community exists formally and has joint activity and time. If this is observed in school, then such a collective is called an unfriendly class.
2. The second stage is group-association. It arises in the presence of the same goals for all its members.
3. At the third stage of development of the collective according to Lutoshkin, a cooperative group emerges. It is characterized by a unity of purpose, high cohesion and a unified approach to the solution of the tasks.
4. The fourth stage is the creation of an autonomy group. This community is distinguished by internal unity, developed self-control and high preparedness for solving the problem.
5. The fifth stage is characterized by the emergence of a group-collective. This is the highest stage in the development of a community, all members of which are linked by a common goal, and also by activities on the path to achieving it. In addition, in such a group, one can observe moral and psychological unity, high preparedness and perfect organizational structure.

Let us consider the characteristics of all the stages described by AN Lutoshkin.

Nominal group

At this stage of development of the educational collective it can be called a "sandy scattering". Comparison is not accidental. At first glance, the grains of sand are collected together. However, each of them is in itself. Any whiff of wind can scatter grains of sand in different directions. So they will remain until there is someone who rakes them into one pile. The same phenomenon occurs in the human community, when certain groups are specially organized or arise according to the will of circumstances. On the one hand, all together. But on the other - each of the members of such a group is on its own. Such a "sandy placer" does not bring satisfaction and joy.

Group-association

This stage of development of the team is called "Soft Clay". This name is given to this stage is not accidental. Soft clay is a material that can be easily affected. Taking it in your hands, you can sculpt anything. A good master can make a beautiful vessel out of clay or any other fine product. But without the effort, the material will forever remain just a piece of soil.

So it is in the children's association. Here the role of the master can be played by a formal leader, a class teacher or simply an authoritative schoolboy. Yes, not everything goes smoothly. The team lacks experience of mutual assistance and cooperation. However, at this stage, efforts aimed at uniting the community are already visible.

Cooperative group

This stage of development of the collective is called the "flickering beacon". At this stage the team is compared to the stormy sea. Located among the raging waves of an experienced sailor, the shimmering light of the lighthouse allows you to choose the right path and brings confidence. Here, one only needs to be careful and not lose the saving ray from sight.

The team forming in the group also gives each of its members the signals of choosing the right path and is always ready to lend a helping hand. In this community there is a desire to work and help each other. The role of the lighthouse is played by the asset.

Autonomy group

The next stage of development of the team is called "scarlet sail". This stage of aspiration forward, friendly fidelity and restlessness. In such a collective act and live on the principle of the Musketeers "one for all and all for one." At this stage of development of the team, interest and friendly participation go hand in hand with mutual demands and principles. The active of such a group is reliable and knowledgeable organizers, as well as loyal comrades. They always help, both in deed and advice.

Group-collective

So, all the main stages of the development of the collective passed, and it rises to the fifth stage, called the "burning torch". No wonder this stage is associated with a living flame. It means a single will, close friendship, business cooperation and excellent mutual understanding. At this stage, a real collective is formed, which will never be closed within the narrow boundaries of its cohesive and amicable union. The people entering it will not remain indifferent to the problems of other groups, illuminating their path, like the legendary Danko, with their flaming heart.