Sanitary zones (SPZ): definition, dimensions, law

The issue of dividing enterprises into hazard classes and establishing appropriate sanitary zones is relevant for many managers of production and trade organizations. This sphere is regulated by a number of legal acts. The main one is SanPiN 2.2.1 / 2.1.1.1200-03.

Application area

The standards of sanitary zones extend to the construction, planning, placement, operation of newly constructed, reconstructed, operating industrial structures and industries. The rules apply to the elements of communication and transport, trade network, public catering, communal and agricultural, experimental production. All of them act as sources of impact on human health and its environment.

Objectives

The rules define:

1. The hazard class of industries and facilities engaged in industry.
2. Requirements for the area of the protected area, the conditions for their revision.
3. The order and methods by which the boundaries of sanitary zones for individual industries or their complexes are established.
4. Restrictions on the use of special security areas.
5. The order of accomplishment and organization of territories.
6. Requirements for sanitary breaks of communications that are dangerous (rail, pipeline, road, aviation, etc.).

Subjects

The established sanitary rules are mandatory for legal entities and individuals, whose activities concern the placement, construction, planning and operation of facilities. Approved requirements are also intended for bodies authorized to exercise state supervision.

SanPiN: sanitary zones

To ensure the safety of citizens, in accordance with Federal Law No. 52 of March 30, 1999, around the production and facilities acting as sources of impact on public health and the environment, a special section with a special mode of use is created. The size of the sanitary zone should ensure the reduction of negative physical, chemical, biological effects on the atmospheric air to certain parameters. For functional purposes, these territories act as a barrier that facilitates the establishment of an appropriate level of security for citizens during the operation of industrial production or other construction in the regular mode.

Planning

It involves calculating the sanitary zone and justifying its approximate area in accordance with the expected air pollution and the degree of physical influence on it. The obtained indicators should be confirmed by the results of measurements and studies. The design of sanitary zones is developed in 2 stages:

1. Preliminary stage. The documentation is compiled in accordance with the calculation of the dispersion of air pollution and physical influence (vibration, noise, EMF, etc.).
2. The final stage (established). Sanitary and hygienic zone is planned in accordance with the results of field observations, surveys and measurements to confirm the parameters obtained earlier.

Additional points

The criterion by which the area of sanitary zones is determined is that the maximum (maximum) permissible concentration (MPC) of polluting compounds for the air of settlements and the permissible levels (PDUs) of physical influence are not exceeded at their external borders and beyond their limits. For groups of industrial productions, a single sanitary protection zone (SPZ) is established, taking into account the total emissions from all sources within the same territory. Laboratory studies of air and measurement of physical influences on it are carried out on the lines of established special sites, in residential buildings by services accredited in accordance with the prescribed procedure for performing this kind of work.

Borders of territories

Sanitary protection zone (SPZ) is established within certain limits, according to the characteristic of emissions. In accordance with this criterion, two methods of forming such sections are allowed:

1. From sources that exert physical, chemical, biological effects in the presence of medium and high objects producing heated emissions.
2. From the line of land allotment belonging to the production for economic activities and issued in accordance with the established procedure, to the external limit in the given direction.

In the latter case, in turn, the sanitary zone of the enterprise is established:

1. From unorganized and organized sources. This option is used when there is an on-site technological equipment.
2. When organizing production with sources distributed throughout the industrial site.
3. In the presence of low and surface facilities, as well as facilities that carry out cold emissions of medium height.

Prohibitions and Permissions

In areas with background indicators exceeding hygienic requirements, the location of industries that act as sources of environmental pollution and influence on public health is not allowed. For existing industrial facilities, reconstruction or re-profiling is allowed provided all types of negative influence are reduced to MPC under biological and chemical impact and remote control for physical factors.

Sanitary protection zones and sanitary classification of enterprises

If the area of special territories does not coincide, determined according to the estimate and obtained by risk assessment, in-situ studies and measurements of the physical, biological and chemical effects on the air, the decision to establish its limits on the terrain shall be taken according to the option according to which the maximum safety for the people living in Populated point of citizens. Sanitary protection zones and sanitary classification of enterprises are determined in accordance with the capacity, operating conditions, the number and nature of compounds released into the air, the generated vibration, noise and other negative factors. Indicators and groups are also formed taking into account the envisaged measures to reduce the adverse impact on public health and the surrounding living conditions. The following classification of sanitary protection zones is provided:

• 1 cl. - 1000 meters.
• 2 cells. - 500 m.
• 3 cells. - 300 meters.
• 4 cells. - 100 m.
• 5 cells. - 50 meters.

It should be noted that in the previous Rules sanitary zones were twice as large. For example, for the first class - 2000 m. Temporary reduction of production volumes does not serve as a basis for reviewing the accepted areas. The sanitary zone of the site on graphic materials (the scheme of territorial planning, the general layout of the city, etc.) outside the industrial site is marked with special information signs.

Increased plots

There are several conditions in the Rules, according to which the sanitary zone of the enterprise can be increased. Expansion of the area is allowed no more than three times. Sanitary zones can be increased by agreement between the construction authorities and the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision Service:

1. Depending on the effectiveness of the likely or envisaged clean-up measures, air.
2. If necessary, place residential development on the leeward side of industrial production in the territory of possible atmospheric pollution.
3. In the absence of methods for cleaning emissions.
4. Depending on the direction of the wind and other unfavorable terrain conditions.
5. If it is not possible to reduce vibration, noise, electromagnetic radio waves and other negative factors that enter the environment, to the limits specified in the regulations.
6. When constructing new, insufficiently studied in the environment of production.

Accomplishment

Sanitary zones or parts thereof can not be used to expand industrial sites. The territory should be landscaped and landscaped. For this purpose, a special plan is being developed. It is drawn up simultaneously with the project of reconstruction or construction of production. When planning the improvement of the residential area (the territory of accommodation of the residential sector, cultural facilities, etc.), it is necessary to provide a strip of tree and shrub plantations. Its width should be not less than 50 meters, and with the width of the sanitary zone to 100 meters - at least 20 m to ensure an appropriate level of ecological well-being, the Rules prescribe elements that can be placed within special areas, and directly on the industrial site itself.

Nuclear Infrastructure

Sanitary zones of nuclear facilities are provided for in Art. 31 of Federal Law No. 170. They are created to ensure the health of the population living in the area where the nuclear power plant is located, the radiation source or the storage area for radioactive materials and substances. The area and limits of such territories are defined in the plan according to the rules provided for in the sphere of the use of atomic energy. It is coordinated with the bodies of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision and approved by local self-government bodies.

rules

The above Law does not allow the placement of certain objects within the sanitary zone. These include public and residential buildings, children's institutions, medical and recreational buildings, public catering facilities, production, subsidiary and other economic buildings that are not related to the operation of the nuclear facility and are not provided for in the approved territory plan. The operation of existing objects within the zone for economic purposes with a change in the nature of their use is permitted on the basis of the submission of the service company in consultation with the government and security authorities.

Sites of observation

The need to establish such zones, their boundaries and areas are determined in accordance with the safety characteristics of nuclear facilities. The parameters are coordinated with the bodies of the State Sanitary Epidemiological Service. Some restrictions on the implementation of economic activity under the current legislation may be introduced at the monitoring site. If sanitary zones are included in the territory of this type, the actions of social and economic compensation measures apply to citizens. They are aimed at compensating harm for additional risk factors. The actions of emergency planning are also applied to citizens. Compensation for damages caused by the creation of observation sites and the sanitary protection zone is carried out by the operating organization under the current legislation.

Improvement of the hydrological regime

In the territories that adjoin the water areas of rivers, lakes and other surface water sources, sanitary zones of water supply are established. They have a special regime of economic and other activities. It is aimed at preventing siltation, contamination, pollution and depletion of objects, conservation of the range of animals and plants. Such sites are formed within the framework of environmental measures aimed at improving the technical condition and hydrological regime, improving the sources and their coastal lines. Within the zones, protective bands are created, within the boundaries of which additional restrictive measures are introduced.

Specificity of setting limits

The area and boundaries of coastal protection zones and protective zones of water sources, the mode of their use are determined in accordance with soil, physical, geographical, hydrological and other conditions on the ground. This takes into account the forecast of changes in shorelines. Areas and boundaries are approved by regional executive structures upon submission of basin and other territorial bodies regulating the use and protection of the hydrological fund of the Ministry of Natural Resources, coordinated with special authorized state organizations in the field of environmental protection, by sanitary epidemiological surveillance units and departments of the Federal Frontier Service within their competence.

Options

The following minimum width of protective zones and coastal guard zones is established:

1. For lakes, rivers and old people - from the water's edge at a normal level of pressure.
2. For marshes - from their boundaries (zero depth of the peat deposit).
3. For the seas - from the maximum limit of the tide.

The minimum width of the protective water protection zone for river sections, the extent of which from the source:

1. Up to 10 km - 50 meters.
2. From 10 to 50 km - 100 m.
3. 50-100 km - 200 meters.
4. 100-200 km - 300 m.
5. 200-500 km - 400 meters.
6. From 500 and more - 500 m.

Key factors

Specific conditions are established that are taken into account when establishing the width of coastal lines of lakes, rivers and reservoirs. These factors include the types of land that are adjacent to the source, the steepness of the slopes. For example, the width of the coastal line with reverse or zero gradient in the presence of arable land is set within 15-30 m, forests and shrubs - 35 m. With a slope of more than three degrees, in the presence of the same adjoining objects, the distance increases to 55-100 m.

Prohibited activities

The Regulation on protective water protection zones establishes restrictions on the performance of works. In particular, such activities as:

1. The use of chemical compounds and means for controlling diseases and pests of plants, eliminating weeds.
2. Implementation of aviation-chemical works.
3. Use of manure for soil fertilization.
4. Placement of mineral fertilizers, fuel, pesticides, sites for filling equipment with dangerous substances, livestock farms and complexes, burial and storage sites for agricultural, industrial and domestic waste, wastewater storage, cattle graveyards and cemeteries.
5. Refueling, repair and cleaning of vehicles, mechanisms.
6. Waste and manure storage.
7. Placing of garden and garden plots, if the width of the protective zone of the water source is less than 100 m, and the steepness of the slopes of the adjacent territories is more than three degrees.
8. Felling of the main use.
9. Accommodation of transport parking places, including within the garden and vegetable gardens and suburban areas.
10. Realization of reconstruction and construction of structures, buildings, communications and other objects, extraction of minerals, excavation and other works without coordination with authorized bodies.

Coastline use mode

Within these bands, in addition to the above limitations, it is prohibited:

1. The plowing of the earth.
2. Use of fertilizers.
3. Warehousing of dumped soil.
4. Organization of summer pastures and grazing of livestock, in addition to the operation of sites of traditional watering.
5. Installation of tent seasonal towns, the placement of garden and garden farms, the allocation of territory for IZhS.
6. Moving tractors and other vehicles, except special purpose vehicles.

Land plots within the boundaries of coastal lines can be provided for the placement of objects:

1. Recreation.
2. Hunting and fisheries.
3. Water supply.
4. Hydrotechnical and port facilities in the presence of permission to use sources, which set the requirements for compliance with a special security regime.

Maintenance of coastal strips and water protection zones is carried out by users. Landowners and their other owners, on whose plots the said territories are located, are obliged to observe a special regime. The establishment of water protection zones does not imply the removal of allotments from their legitimate owners, the prohibition of transactions with them, except in cases stipulated by law.

Sanhoro Counties

They are established as one of the measures to protect natural medicinal resources, health-improving areas, resorts. These territories are classified as specially protected. They establish a complex regulatory regime. In the territories of the location of medicinal natural resources, all types of households are not allowed to live and exercise. Activities. Exceptions are works relating to research and use of facilities for recreational purposes. At the same time, rational and environmentally friendly technologies should be used. Ensuring compliance with this regime is the responsibility of users. These include subjects (legal and physical) that carry out the development and subsequent use of medicinal resources in accordance with the license. In health resorts, the placement of facilities and facilities not directly related to the formation and development of the spa treatment and recreation area is not allowed. Work is also prohibited that has a negative impact on the natural environment, leading to depletion, pollution of resources present on the ground.