Putorana Reserve. Reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

The Putoran State Nature Reserve is located on the territory of two districts of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug - Khatanga and Dudinsky, as well as in the Evenk Autonomous District, in the Ilimsky District. The center of the reserve is completely occupied by the Putoran mountain system. Protected areas have a total area of about 1.8 million hectares.

This protected area includes today 3 cordons: Lake Dupkun, Lake Sobachye and Lake Manumakli. And also 2 hospitals for scientific purposes: Ayan lake and Kutaramakan lake.

History of the reserve

The Putorana Reserve (map above) was formed from a reserve with the same name only in 1988, despite the fact that the question of its organization was considered back in 1970. In 2001, a significant event occurred - the reserve received a nomination for the granting of a status allowing it to be one of the objects of the natural and cultural heritage of the UNESCO world organization.

Putorana nature reserve: climate

In the Putoransky Reserve, the climate is characterized by a sharp continentality with a high temperature amplitude. This indicator in the east is 100 ° C, and in the north - 86 ° C. The polar day lasts 74 days (May 16 - July 29), and the polar night - 56 days (November 25 - January 13).

On the Putoran plateau, geographical zoning is very clearly visible, which can not be said of other regions of Russia. In different parts of the plateau, their landscapes differed significantly, despite the fact that this territory has the same geological and morphological structure. A plateau is located at the intersection of longitude and latitude natural zones. For its southern part, the temperate and subarctic climatic zones are characteristic, which means the passage here of the main boundary of the two types of landscape, which belong to the highest taxonomic rank.

Human activity

The Putoran mountain system, especially when it comes to its southern, northern and eastern parts, was used in the past by indigenous people of the region to fish, hunt and reindeer. Such ways of using natural resources, traditional for the Far North, have all the time worked in a certain way on the flora and fauna of the mountain plateau. Very clearly, such anthropogenic impact affected the change in the number of vulnerable species, which in the first place refers to the population of the Putoran snow ram.

Negative impact of human activities

In the Putoransky Reserve, Russia's fascinating wildlife has never been subjected to a strong human impact, which has allowed the surrounding living natural world to remain virtually untouched. In this region, human activity manifested itself only in the occupation of indigenous people by fishing, hunting and reindeer breeding.

Nevertheless, as a result of this influence, the number of local endemics, the Putoran snow sheep, has decreased significantly, and the population of moose, wild reindeer, wolverines, ermines, sables, wolves and Arctic foxes has only slightly decreased.

There are few industrial enterprises in this region. Among them, the main object, which affects the nature of the surrounding reserve zone in a negative way, is a large mining and metallurgical plant located in Norilsk. It is located near the western border of the Putorana Reserve, about 150-200 kilometers from it. This enterprise is engaged in the extraction of metal ores and the smelting of metals, so there are always dirty air emissions in which oxides of heavy metals, sulfur, carbon and dust are contained.

All this has a very negative effect on nature and ultimately leads to a change in the vegetation cover in the western part of both the Putorana Reserve and the protection zone. In the scientific literature one can find a lot of information about the impact of industrial emissions on local plants, while the reserve staff do not conduct their own research. The exact size of the area, which is exposed to harmful industrial emissions, has not yet been finally determined. According to some preliminary estimates, the work of the mining and metallurgical plant in Norilsk is negatively affected by approximately 1/10 of the Putorana Reserve area and 1/3 of the protection zone.

Natural objects

In the reserve, the central natural object is the vast Putorana Plateau, which covers an area of about 2.5 million hectares. In Central Siberia, it is considered the largest trap basalt plateau. In the post-Soviet space, there is no longer a relief of this type anywhere. It should be noted that on the plateau economic activity has never been conducted in the whole history.

Hydrological objects are represented in the reserve by the closing river basins - Khatanga, Pyasina and the largest one - the Yenisei.

The Puritan Reserve has many waterfalls that give it incredible beauty. Here is the highest waterfall in Russia (108 meters).

Numerous lakes of the Putoran Reserve are famous for their uniqueness and great depth, within 180-420 meters.

Vegetation

In Putoransky Reserve, where the wild nature of Russia reveals itself in all its glory, there are 398 higher plants, representing 61% of the entire plateau flora. Among them, rare plants are worth mentioning, for example, the white-fleece poppy, spotted spotter, rhodiola rosea and Asian bathing-place. There are also endemics of Putoran - poppy variegated, late and late-calf endangered, among the endemics of the mountain systems Byrranga and Putoran - fescue eared, and the endemics of the Siberian north are represented by the long-horned dandelion Taimyr and the long-nosed son.

Ground animals

Putorana Reserve unites vertebrates of taiga, tundra, forest and other widely distributed animals that live in the mountains. Plateau is the northern boundary of the distribution of many species, including sable, lynx, squirrel, elk, goshawk, forest lemming, hazel grouse, stone and wood capercaillie, woodpeckers, hawk owl, deaf and common cuckoo, many species from passerine, kulik and Other animals.

This region of the northern part of Central Siberia is the main nesting place for the eagle-tailed whale and gyrfalcon. For the southeastern part, nests of the curlew-baby are characteristic, and in the center of the Putorana Plateau there is a large part of the population of the Putoran snow ram. There are large numbers of bears, wolves and wolves playing in local biocenoses is not the least important.

A unique and very bright phenomenon of the wildlife of the Putorana Reserve is the seasonal migration of a large number of wild reindeer. An important part of the range of migration routes is the Putoran plateau, through which practically the entire population of Taimyr deer (about 450-480 thousand individuals) passes. On the plateau throughout the year they are on the order of 5-6 months. Pass a narrow front, ranging from 100 to 150 kilometers, so we can conclude that there is a so-called migration channel, which allows every year to 220 thousand wild reindeer.

Amphibians: Siberian shrew

This is the only animal of the amphibian class, represented on the Putoran plateau. A characteristic species for the entire taiga region of Russia, distributed to the northern regions to the forest-tundra zone, almost to its northern borders. Nevertheless, the Siberian shark is very rare for the northern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and is often found only in the upper reaches of the Podkamennaya Tunguska River in the pine forests.

In the center of the Putorana Reserve, this representative of amphibians was discovered back in July 1982 on Lake Harpicha. Therefore, the very case of the presence of a Siberian angler in the number of four individuals in the center of Putoran Mountains at an altitude of 481 meters is a very important event and is of some interest from the point of view of zoogeography.

The endemic of the reserve is the Putoran snow sheep

The Putorana Reserve is the only region inhabited by one of the largest little-studied animals in the world - the Putoran snow ram, or thickbread. It is isolated here as a separate subspecies and included in the Red Book of the Soviet Union, and now Russia. The area of his residence is the central region of Putoran Mountains, at a distance of hundreds of kilometers from the region of distribution of the remaining subspecies of the snow sheep.

Water World Putorana

In the Putorana Reserve in the waters of the rivers there are 36 species of fish. Many endemic species are noted here, for example, Siberian grayling, whitefish and char. Most of them have not been studied so far, their taxonomic status has not been determined. The presence of many intraspecific forms to a large extent increases the diversity of fish in this protected area.

Main protected species

The following species are most carefully protected from mammals: lemming of ungulates, snow sheep, elk, ermine, reindeer, muskrat, sable, lynx, brown bear. Of birds - gyrfalcon, Lesser White-fronted, owl hawk, white-tailed eagle, owl bearded, ordinary and stone capercaillie , black crane, goshawk, small swan.

The most protected species of fish are represented by grayling of Siberian, Muksun, Ussuri and Arctic char, and as for amphibians, only the Siberian spit is guarded.

Reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

In total, the Krasnoyarsk Territory created seven reserves. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of Russia in August last year decided to unite Krasnoyarsk reserves. Putorana, Taimyr, and the Great Arctic Reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory were merged.

Reserves of Taimyr have a lot of tourist attractions. These are lakes, gorges, plateaus and mountain caves. Despite the remoteness of this place, the number of visitors is constantly growing. Directorate of Taimyr reserves has developed the following projects of tourist excursions: ecological, event, cognitive and ethnotourism.