One-part sentences: examples, types. One-part impersonal sentence: examples

From the point of view of syntax, the sentence is one of the basic units of language. It is characterized by a semantic and intonational completeness and necessarily has a grammatical basis. In Russian, the predicate basis can consist of one or two main members.

The concept of single-sentence sentences

Types of single-component sentences with examples serve as a visual illustration of the theoretical material in the "Syntax" section of the Russian language.

Syntactic constructions with a basis consisting of the subject and the predicate are called two-part. For example: I do not like a fatal outcome (VS Vysotsky).

Proposals, based on only one of the main members, are called single-member. Such phrases have a complete meaning and do not need a second major term. It happens that his presence is simply impossible (in impersonal sentences). In the works of art very often one-part sentences are used, examples from the literature: I ply the window glass (VVMayakovsky). There is no subject, but it is easy to restore it: "I". The smallness of darkness (K. K. Sluchevsky). There is no and can not be a subject in this sentence.

In simple speech, simple single-composition sentences are quite common. Examples of their use prove this: - Where are we going? - To the cinema.

One-sentence sentences are divided into types:

1. Naming (with the basis of the subject).

2. With a predicate at the base:

• Personal;
• Impersonal.

Parts of complex sentences can be one-part sentences. Examples: We will not say that there is nothing more beautiful than Lake Baikal: each of us loves and loves our side (VG Rasputin). This construction is a complex sentence, including three simple ones: 1 - one-part definite-personal, 2 - one-part impersonal, 3 - two-part.

It is necessary to study the types of single-component sentences with examples mostly presented in works of fiction. This will make it possible to compile the most complete picture of such syntactic constructions.

Proposals-Subjects

In nominative sentences, the basis is only the subject. The forms of his expression are different: nouns in the nominative: Spring and victory (SA Vasiliev). Or the phrase (noun in nominative + noun in the genitive case): Days of songs and colors (SA Vasiliev).

Naming offers may not be common : North. Will. Hope (VSVysotsky). And common: the Earth without borders (VSVysotsky), here the subject is supplemented by the definition.

Specific-personal syntactic constructions are a kind of personal

Personal one-part sentences, examples of which are shown below, demonstrate the richness of the language and ways of expressing various semantic nuances.

Single-component syntactic constructions, in which the person is not formally expressed, but easily restored, are called personal. They can also be common and not spread. In the role of the predicate - a personal verb (1, 2 persons), in the singular or plural, in indicative or imperative mood. Such proposals convey the actions of a particular person (speaker or interlocutor). In works of fiction, authors often use the category "one-part definite-personal proposal", examples from poetry:

• Food (SA Esenin) (the predicate is a verb in the indicative mood of 1L, singular).
• Farewell, the sea (ASPushkin) (verb-predicate - in the imperative mood in the form of 2 persons, singular)!

Uncertain-personal

Transmit the actions produced by an undetermined person (subject). The predicate is in the third person, in the plural, in the present or past tense, in the indicative and conditional mood :

• But they named all three daughters witches (VSVysotsky) (the predicate is a verb of the past., A number, express.).
• And let them say yes, let them say, but - no, no one dies in vain (VS Vysotsky) (in the role of the predicate - the verb in the present tense, in the 3rd year and plural).
• Take me a plot of six hundred square meters near the car factory (Sholokhov) (verb-predicate in the form of a subjunctive plural).

Features of generalized personal offers

Some linguists (VV Babaytseva, AA Shakhmatov, and others) do not distinguish this group of single-sentence sentences in a separate form, The forms of expression of the predicates in them are identical definite and indefinite-personal and differ only in the semantic load. In them, the predicate has a generalized meaning. Such designs are most often used in proverbs and sayings: You love tops - love the roots. Do not have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends. Once I lied - I've become a liar forever.

Examples of the topic "One-part personal offer" are of great importance. They clearly help to determine the type of syntactic structure with one of the main members and distinguish them.

Impersonal offer

A one-part impersonal sentence (example: It gets dark early, it's noisy in my head ) differs from a personal one in that it does not and can not have a subject.

The predicate can be expressed in different ways:

• An impersonal verb: It's getting dark. I'm sick.
• A personal verb that has passed into an impersonal form: I have a tunic in my side. In the distance it rumbled. You are lucky! I can not sleep.
• Predicative adverb (a category of a status or impersonally-predicative words): It was very silent (IA.Bunin). It's stuffy. It's sad.
• Infinitive: Do not bend under a volatile world (AVMakarevich).
• The word-negation "no" and negative particle "no": There is not a cloud in the sky. You have no conscience!

Types of the predicate In one-part sentences

In Russian linguistics, the predicate is represented by three kinds:

1. Simple verb. Expressed by a single verb in any form.
2. Composite verb. Consists of a verb-bundle and an infinitive.
3. Compound name. Has a verb-bundle and a nominal part, which can be expressed by the adjective, noun, participle or adverb.

In one-part sentences all the specified types of predicates are encountered .

Cool (one-part impersonal offer). An example of a predicate with a lowered verb binder in the present tense, but which manifests itself in the past tense: It was cool. The nominal part is expressed by the category of state.

In a specifically personal proposal: Let's take the hands, friends (B.Sh. Okudzhava) -exposed simple verb.

In an indefinitely personal sentence: I do not want to hear from you (O.Ermachenkova) - the predicate is a personal verb + infinitive.

Naming single-composition sentences are examples of a compound nominal predicate with a zero verb binder in the present tense. Often at the nomination, the index particles are placed side by side: Here is your ticket, here is your car (VS Vysotsky). If nominee proposals are submitted in the past tense, they are converted into two-part sentences. Compare: There was your ticket, there was your car.

One-part and incomplete sentences

It is necessary to distinguish incomplete two-part sentences from single-component ones. In the one-part in the absence of one of the main terms, the meaning of the sentence does not change. In the incomplete, any member of the sentence can be omitted, and the meaning may not be understandable outside the context: On the contrary, the table. Or: Today.

In some cases it is difficult to distinguish between definite-personal sentences and two-part incomplete ones. First of all, this refers to the predicate, expressed by the verb in the past tense. For example: I thought - and began to eat (Pushkin). Without the main context, it is impossible to determine whether a verb is used in 1 or 3 persons. In order not to be mistaken, it is important to understand: in the past tense the face of the verb is not defined, which means that this is a two-part incomplete sentence.

Particular difficulty is caused by the differences between an incomplete two-part sentence and a name, for example: Night. Frosty night. And Night in the village. In order not to encounter difficulties, it is important to understand: the circumstance is a secondary term related to the predicate. Consequently, the sentence " Night in the country" is a two-part incomplete with a compound nominal predicate, in which the verb part is omitted. Compare: The night has come in the village. Frosty night. This is a nominative offer, because The definition is consistent with the subject, therefore, the adjective "frosty" characterizes the main term "night."

When studying the syntax it is important to perform the training exercises in, and for this it is necessary to analyze the types of single-component sentences with examples.

The role of single-sentence sentences in the language

In written and oral speech, single-component sentences play an important role. Similar syntactic constructions in laconic and capacious form allow to formulate a thought brightly and colorfully, help to present images or objects. They give the utterances dynamism and emotionality, they allow to focus attention on the necessary objects or subjects. With the help of one-part sentences, unjustified lexical repetitions of pronouns can be avoided.