Kinds of rhyme in versification

The concepts of rhyme and rhyme should be differentiated. If the first is a consonance of the endings of two words, then the second is the order of alternating rhymes in the verse. Accordingly, rhyming is a broader concept than rhyme.

Types of rhymes

The methods of rhyming in versification are based on several kinds of rhymes. So, in terms of the quality and number of coincidences of syllables, rhymes are usually divided into precise and inaccurate. According to the specific stress - on the male (emphasis on the last vowel sound), female (emphasis on the penultimate vowel sound), dactylic and hyperdactylic (accent on the 3rd and 4th vowel sound from the end). If the lines, in addition to the vowel, coincide with the pre-given (reference) consonant sound, then such a rhyme is defined as rich. If not, the rhyme is called poor.

Types of rhyme

There are three main types of rhyming in versification:

• An adjacent (steam),
• Cross (alternating),
• Annular.

Also a separate species is a free rhyme.

Adjacent (twin) view implies alternate consonance of adjacent lines - the first line rhymes with the second, the third, respectively, with the fourth, the fifth with the sixth, etc. All kinds of rhyming in the poem can be conditionally designated in the form of a diagram. Thus, the adjacent species is designated as "aabb". Example:

"Only today there are no duds (a) -

The light is made differently (a).

And the harmonica (b) sings,

That the freeman (b) has disappeared. "

(S. A. Yesenin).

A special case of adjacent rhyme is alternation of rhymes according to the scheme "aaaa".

Cross (alternating) rhyme is formed by alternating rhyming lines - the first rhymes with the third, the second - with the fourth, the fifth - with the seventh, etc. This is the kind of rhyming "abab":

"I remember a wonderful moment (a):

Before me came you (b),

As a fleeting vision (a),

As the genius of pure beauty (b) »

(AS Pushkin).

The ring (shingling, enveloping) kind of rhyme is constructed according to the "abba" scheme. Accordingly, the first and fourth lines are rhymed, as well as the second and third. This kind of versification is less common than the two previous ones:

"We are not drunk, we seem to be sober (a)

And, probably, we are poets (b).

When, when he scratched strange sonnets (b)

We talk with time on "You" (a).

(IA Brodsky).

Free kinds of rhyming take place in the case when the regularity in the alternation of rhymes is absent:

"A horse thief (a) was stealing,

Tan covered with grapes (a),

Spit the brush sparrows (b),

Nodded sleeveless dummies (in),

But, rustling the grapes interrupting (b),

Some kind of roar of measures and tortured "(c).

(BL Pasternak).

Accordingly, in this example, the types of rhyming are combined: the first and second rows are adjacent, from the third to the sixth - the cross.

Rifmovka and whole stanza

A whole stanza implies the presence of at least one pair for each rhyme. This ensures the indivisibility of the general body of this stanza - it can not be divided into smaller integral stanzas that have their own completed rhyme.

Depending on the number of rhymes that form the verse, the forms of monostichus, disticha, tercet, quatraine, pentetum, etc., are distinguished. Monostichus can not be a single strophe, since one line does not rhyme with anything (even if it contains an internal Rhyme). Distich is built according to the scheme "aa", having, respectively, one rhyme for an integral stanza. Also, one rhyme has a tercet - aaa scheme. In this case, the tercet can not be divided, since for any division we obtain at least one monotony, which is not a single stanza.

Katren includes such types of rhyme as the ring ("abba") and cross ("abab"). In the case of the adjacent rhyme ("aabb"), the verse is divided into two independent dysthis, each of which will be a single stanza. The pentet, in turn, combines six rhymes of an integral stanza.

Free and free verse

One should distinguish between the free form of rhyming and the free form of the verse, since this is not the same thing. Free forms of rhyme in the poem forms the so-called. Free verse - a form of versification with changing kinds of rhyme. That is, the lines rhyme in a different order. Free verse (which is also white), in principle, does not use rhyme:

"Listen to (a)!

After all, if the stars are lit (b) -

Does this mean that someone needs (c)?

So someone wants them to be (d)? "

(VV Mayakovsky).

At the same time, free verse can not be equated to prose by the principle: since there is no rhyme, then how does this differ from, for example, the usual newspaper ad? One of the differences between white verse and prose is the tendency to recite, which distinguishes the verse text from the prose. This trend is created at the expense of a specific emotionality, a special mood of a poetic text that does not accept monotonous reading. The second essential difference of free verse is its rhythmicity, which is formed due to a certain equalization of the number of syllables and stresses.