Fundamentals of electronics: types of electronic devices and rules for the technical operation of electrical installations

Electronics is a complex but very useful science. In addition, it is promising, despite the large number of inventions already created. But before acting, it is necessary to understand what electrical engineering with the basics of electronics is. We will consider them using the example of devices used.

Work on alternating current

As an example, the engine will be considered. Electrical engineering and the fundamentals of electronics in this case are based on two main parts: fixed and expressed. Under the first one is understood as an inductor, and under the second is an armature with a drum winding. Important in this case is the existence of a number of conditions. Thus, the inductor must have a cylindrical shape and be made of a ferromagnetic alloy. Also need poles with a winding excitation, which are fixed on the frame. The winding creates the main magnetic flux. Learn to calculate the required values will help the task book on general electrical engineering with the basics of electronics. In addition to this method, the magnetic flux can be created by permanent magnets that are attached to the frame. An anchor is a core, a winding and a collector. The first is collected from isolated sheets of electrical steel.

Analog Devices

We continue to learn the basics of electronics and consider the types of devices already based on the principle of their operation. The main feature of analog devices is a continuous change in the received signal in accordance with the described physical process. Mathematically, it can be expressed as a continuous function, where there is an unlimited number of values at different instants of time. In this case, one can give an example: the air temperature changes, and the analog signal is appropriately transformed . What is expressed in the form of voltage drop (although there are many other ways to designate this, for example, changing the pendulum of its position). Analog devices are simple, reliable and have high speed. This ensures their wide application. However, to say that they can boast a particular accuracy of signal processing - it is impossible. Also, analog devices do not have high noise immunity. They strongly depend on various external factors (physical aging, temperature, external fields). Also, they are often blamed for the distortion of signal transmission and low efficiency.

Digital devices

They are aimed at working with discrete signals. As a rule, it consists of a certain sequence of impulses, which can take only two values - "true" or "false". Everyone who knows the basics of electronics is also aware that they can be realized on different element bases. So, a person has a choice among transistors, optoelectronic elements, electromagnetic relays, microcircuits. That is, diversity is present, and it is quite extensive. As a rule, circuits from logical elements are assembled. Triggers and counters are used for communication (but not always). Something similar can be seen in robotics, automation systems, measuring devices, radio and telecommunications. An important advantage of digital devices is their resistance to interference, ease of processing and recording data. They can also transmit information with such small distortions that they can be ignored. Therefore, digital devices are considered to be more preferable than analog devices.

Semiconductor Devices

Due to their variety and properties, they have become an independent field of electronics. The foundations of this were laid a long time ago, when crystal detectors began to be used. They were semiconductor rectifiers, designed to operate high-frequency currents. At first, devices based on copper oxide or selenium were used. True, as it turned out, they are much less suitable for work than those devices that are made on the basis of silicon.

OV Losev, an employee of the Nizhny Novgorod Radio Laboratory, was able to boast of the first successful developments in this field, which in 1922 created a device where, thanks to the generation of natural oscillations, the received signals were significantly improved. But these developments, alas, have not received proper development. And now the world uses semiconductor triodes (they are the same transistors), which were jointly developed by Brattein, Shockley and Bardeen, and modern electronics is being built on them. Basics of working with them, although difficult, but necessary for anyone who wants to learn and practice in this area.

Microelectronics

In a way, this is the quintessence of electronics, where information properties reach their maximum values. Here, the density of data streams per unit of weight is a multiple of that in other parts of this science. But the task of microelectronics is information processing. Only two digits are used: a logical unit and zero. But practical work in this area is very difficult - in fact for it a number of conditions are required, which are difficult (almost impossible) to provide at home. Among them, ideal purity, high accuracy of work and the use of complex equipment.

Mathematical justification

The technique uses logic algebra. It was invented by George Bull. Therefore, it is sometimes called Boolean algebra. For practical purposes, it was first applied by the American scientist Claude Shannon in 1938, when electrical circuits with contact switches were investigated. When a Boolean algebra is used (also called logic), then all the statements considered can only be in two values: "true" or "false". They are not complex on their own. But simple statements can form multicomponent by combining with logical operations. If they are also denoted by something (for example, letters), then using the laws of algebra of logic, you can describe any, even the most complex digital circuits.

Of course, in order to know the basics of electronics, it is not necessary to delve into the nuances of the theory. A primitive understanding of this direction is enough. So, consider the following example. We have LED, switch and power supply. When the light element burns - then we say "truth". LED is not active - it means "lie". It is from the construction of a large number of such solutions that computers are composed.

Conclusion

General electrical engineering with the basics of electronics will help to understand the processes taking place in this area. Also, knowledge of safe technical operation of devices will not be superfluous. It is necessary to work in a place specially prepared for this activity. Also, care should be taken to exclude the possibility of getting an electric shock. To do this, you can use rubber gloves (when work is conducted with bare wires) and other means of protection. It will be useful in practice to use a respirator or similar device when soldering.