Finno-Ugric tribes: names, list

If you pay attention to the map of the Russian Federation, you can find the names of rivers in the basins of the Volga and Kama where syllables "ha" and "wa" are found. This confirms that the Finno-Ugric tribes lived here. In their language, such syllables mean "river". Despite the fact that they had a fairly wide distribution area, many historians still can not say exactly what their way of life was.

Description of the Finno-Ugric tribes

Since the Finno-Ugric tribes lived on a large part of Russia, their names are very diverse. They can be divided into five main groups:

1. Karelians living in the Republic of Karelia. They communicate in several dialects, but the main language is Finnish. Also know Russian.
2. Lopari or Saami living in the territory of Northern Scandinavia. Previously, their numbers were much larger, but eventually they were pushed to the north, resulting in poor living conditions began to steadily reduce the number of people.
3. Mordvians and Maris living in the territory of Mordovia, as well as in many Russian regions. Of all the groups, this one is considered to be rapidly Russified, the people immediately adopted the Christian faith and the corresponding language.
4. Komi and Udmurts, inhabiting the Republic of Komi. This group - the most educated, in terms of literacy, they were not equal until the revolution.
5. Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi, residing in the Northern Urals and the lower reaches of the Ob River. But originally the capital of this nationality was considered the banks of the Danube.

Thus, the Finno-Ugric tribes throughout their entire history were in the same ranks with the Russians. And, therefore, their cultures intertwined, they learned a new from each other.

Where did the Finno-Ugrians come from?

Talking about where the Finno-Ugric tribes settled, we will delve into the issue of the origin of the nationality. The fact is that their place of residence covers large areas, but there is no exact information about where it all started.

It is believed that they represent the original inhabitants of Eurasia. In the IV-III millennium BC. E. They occupied not only the Russian territories completely, but also spread to Europe. There is a dual opinion about why the tribes went to the West. First, it could be ordinary migration. Secondly, the possibility of their being ousted by the conquerors is allowed.

The second option is considered by historians as more probable, since in the II millennium BC. E. Tribes from Turkey, India, Asia Minor and so on began to penetrate into the territory of Russia. However, it can be precisely said that the Finno-Ugrians played an important role in the formation of the Slavic people.

The pre-Slav population

The indigenous population of the Russian land to the Slavs is Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes. They began to master these territories 6 thousand years ago. Gradually moved to the west of the Ural Mountains, then - to the East European Plain, and then reached the coast of the Baltic Sea. However, the motherland of these nationalities has always been considered the Urals.

Unfortunately, most of the Finno-Ugric tribes have not survived until today. Today's number is minimal. But it can be precisely said that the descendants of such a vast and numerous in the past people live on the territory of the whole planet.

Habitat

The settlement of Finno-Ugric tribes can not be called unambiguous. This is due to the fact that the process began on the border of Asia and Europe, but later captured other territories. They were more attracted to the north and west.

By the first millennium, the whole territory of the Baltic region was occupied by Finno-Ugric tribes. The place of resettlement is not the only one, as some ethnic groups set off towards North Scandinavia.

But excavations show that all these peoples had much in common with the Slavs, from the management of the economy, religion and finishing with appearance. Consequently, although most of the tribes left to the north, some of them remained in the territory of modern Russia.

The first meetings with the Russians

In the XVI-XVIII centuries, Russian settlers began to rush to those territories where the Finno-Ugric tribes lived. The list of military clashes was minimal, because for the most part the settlement was carried out quite peacefully. Only occasionally the annexation of new lands to the Russian state was met with resistance. The most aggressive were the Mari.

The religion, writing and language of Rusich quite quickly began to displace local culture. But also from the Finno-Ugric side, some words and dialects entered the language. For example, some Russian names, like Shukshin, Piyasheva and others, have nothing to do with our culture. They go back to the name of the Shuksha tribe, and the name Piyash is pre-Christian in general. Thus, the union of the two cultures passes harmoniously, complementing each other.

Colonization

The ancient Finno-Ugric tribes lived in large areas, which was the reason for their displacement. It should be noted that not all of them could be protected from the armed colonialists. But this did not have to be done, since many lands joined Russia quickly and without resistance.

However, those places where the Finno-Ugric tribes dwelt, attracted not only Russians. The Turks were also interested in expanding their territories. Therefore, a part of the nationality adopted not the Christian, but the Muslim faith.

It should be noted that, despite the fact that the Finno-Ugrians literally dissolved in those cultures that appeared on their lands, they retained their anthropological type. These are blue eyes, blond hair and a broad face. Also from their language were borrowed many words, for example, tundra or sprat.

Economy

In fact, it is impossible to single out any features of economic activity that the Finno-Ugric tribes led. Their lessons were mostly reindeer breeding, fishing and hunting. Only some of the tribal subgroups had differences.

For example, the Mari, who had a negative attitude toward joining the Russian state, resisted until the revolution. This had a negative impact on their occupation. They could not trade, and few of them could conduct artisanal activities. Living in villages and villages forced to earn a living only through cattle breeding and farming.

The Komi subgroup, which is distinguished by education, could earn money in a different way. Among them there were many merchants and entrepreneurs, which made it possible to give up hard work.

Religion

Orthodoxy was the religion of most of the nationalities that made up the Finno-Ugric tribes. The religion of some of them differs quite strongly due to the fact that during the colonization of the territories a part was conquered by the Turks. Therefore, individual settlements were forced to turn to Islam and Islam.

But Orthodoxy is not confessed to all Finno-Ugric tribes. The list of nations that turned to other religions is minimal, but still it does.

Ordmurts adopted Orthodoxy, but this did not become a reason for following Christian traditions. Many of them were baptized only so that the Russian nobility would leave them alone. The main religion is paganism. They worship deities and spirits. Many of the Komi people retained their former faith and remained Old Believers.

Khanty and Mansi also did not perceive Christianity as their main religion. They turned to the old faith, and did not even try to hide it, baptism was alien to them. But due to the fact that they lived far from the Russian princes, no one could force them to accept Orthodoxy. Probably, for this reason, the old faith remained for Khanty and Mansi the only one they knew about. They simply had nothing to compare.

Writing

Unfortunately, the Finno-Ugric tribes are those groups of people who considered the transmission of written information sinful. As a result, any literary sources are simply excluded. The transfer of information in writing is prohibited.

However, the use of hieroglyphs was available. It began in the IV millennium BC. E. And lasted until the XIV century. Only then the Metropolitan of Perm appropriated his own letter to the Komi tribe. It is likely that this is why they became more educated than their blood brothers.

Finno-Ugric tribes, unlike the Slavs, did not have a specific language. Each settlement used its own dialect. Often, within the framework of one nationality, people could not understand each other. Probably, this also caused the lack of written language.

Language and Languages

All Finno-Ugric tribes, whose names can not be counted because of their large numbers, spoke their dialects. Moreover, even one nationality quite often without an interpreter could not understand its blood neighbor. But, contrary to popular belief, the most common languages did not go away.

On the territory of modern Russia, you can meet rural settlements, where in schools are taught in two languages - Russian and native - a volume on which many thousands of years ago the ancestors spoke. For example, in Mordovia there is a study of Russian and Mordovian languages.

Before the reign of Peter I, modern Russia did not differ in forcing the entire population to speak exclusively in Russian. It was used only in large cities or large administrative institutions (tax and so on). Russian language penetrated into villages and small settlements gradually, at first it was explained only with landowners and bailiffs with its help.

The main literatures were Moksha, Merian and Mari. And they were talked to even with cab drivers, traders in the market and so on. That is, different people engaged in entrepreneurial activities, it was simply not profitable not to know the dialects of their customers.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it should be said that the Russians added much to the culture, writing and languages of Finno-Ugric tribes. However, the reverse contribution can not be underestimated. A lot of modern surnames, names of cities and rivers came precisely from Finno-Ugrians.

Literature was also enriched due to the culture of this nation. Finno-Ugrians always buried dead in oak coffins. They had to be watched. The role of guards on themselves was taken by cats, in which, according to legends, the soul of a sorcerer or a sorcerer of a tribe was inhabited. And also on the oak hanging chains, if it was intended for the rapid asleep and processing. Accordingly, even such a great Russian classic as Pushkin, could not abandon the Finno-Ugric culture. And, probably, his scientist cat is none other than a shaman who came from the afterlife.