Evolution in biology is ... History of development

The historical development of living nature occurs according to certain laws and is characterized by a combination of individual characteristics. The successes of biology in the first half of the 19th century served as a prerequisite for the creation of a new science - evolutionary biology. It immediately became popular. And she proved that evolution in biology is a deterministic and irreversible process of development of both individual species and their entire communities - populations. It occurs in the biosphere of the Earth, affecting all its shells. This article will be devoted to both the study of the concepts of the biological species and evolution factors.

History of development of evolutionary views

Science has gone through a complex path of shaping worldviews about the mechanisms underlying the nature of our planet. It began with the ideas of creationism expressed by K. Linnaeus, J. Cuvier, C. Laielei. The first evolutionary hypothesis was set forth by the French scientist Lamarck in his work "The Philosophy of Zoology." The English explorer Charles Darwin was the first in science to suggest that evolution in biology is a process based on hereditary variability and natural selection. Its basis is the struggle for existence.

Darwin believed that the emergence of continuous changes in biological species is the result of their adaptation to the constant change of environmental factors. The struggle for existence, according to the scientist, is a set of interrelations of the organism with the surrounding nature. And its reason lies in the desire of living beings to increase their numbers and expand their habitats. All of the above factors and includes the evolution. Biology, the 9th grade that it studies in the classroom, considers the processes of hereditary variability and natural selection in the section "Evolutionary Teaching."

Synthetic hypothesis of organic world development

Even during the life of Charles Darwin, his ideas were criticized by a number of such famous scientists as F. Jenkin and G. Spencer. In the 20th century, in connection with the rapid genetic research and the postulation of the laws of Mendel's heredity, it became possible to create a synthetic hypothesis of evolution. In its writings it was described by such famous scientists as S. Chetverikov, D. Haldane and S. Ryde. They argued that evolution in biology is a phenomenon of biological progress, which has the form of aromorphoses, idioadaptations affecting populations of various species.

According to this hypothesis, the evolutionary factors are life waves, gene drift and isolation. Forms of historical development of nature are manifested in such processes as speciation, microevolution and macroevolution. The above scientific views can be presented as a sum of knowledge about the mutations that are the source of hereditary variability. And also representations of the population as a structural unit of historical development of the biological species.

What is the evolutionary environment?

By this term we understand the biogeocoenotic level of the organization of living nature. Microevolutionary processes occur in it, affecting populations of one species. As a result, subspecies and new biological species become possible. Here, too, processes are observed that lead to the appearance of taxa - genera, families, classes. They belong to the macroevolution. V. Vernadsky's scientific research proving the close interconnection of all levels of organization of living matter in the biosphere is confirmed by the fact that biogeocenosis is the environment of evolutionary processes.

In climax, that is, stable ecosystems in which there is a great diversity in the population of many classes, changes occur due to coherent evolution. Biological species in such stable biogeocenoses are called cenophilous. And in systems with unstable conditions, there is an uncoordinated evolution among ecologically plastic, so-called cenophobic species. Migrations of individuals of different populations of the same species alter their gene pools, violating the frequency of occurrence of various genes. So the modern biology considers. The evolution of the organic world, which will be examined by us below, confirms this fact.

Stages of nature development

Scientists such as S. Razumovsky and V. Krasilov have proved that the rates of evolution underlying the development of nature are uneven. They represent slow and almost imperceptible changes in stable biogeocenoses. They are sharply accelerated during periods of environmental crises: technogenic catastrophes, melting of glaciers, etc. In the modern biosphere, there are about 3 million species of living beings. The most important of them for human life studies biology (7 class). The evolution of the Protozoa, the Intestines, the Arthropods, the Chordates represents a gradual complication of the circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems of these animals.

The first remains of living organisms are found in Archean sedimentary rocks. Their age is about 2.5 billion years. The first eukaryotes appeared at the beginning of the Proterozoic era. The possible hypotheses of the origin of multicellular organisms are explained by the scientific hypotheses of the phagocite-tella I. Mechnikov and the gastres of E. Goethell. Evolution in biology is the path of development of living nature from the first Archean forms of life to the diversity of the flora and fauna of the modern Cenozoic era.

Modern ideas about the factors of evolution

They are conditions that cause adaptive changes in organisms. Their genotype is the most protected from external influences (conservativeness of the gene pool of a biological species). The hereditary information can still change under the influence of gene chromosome mutations. It was this way - the acquisition of new signs and properties - that the evolution of animals took place. Biology studies it in such areas as comparative anatomy, biogeography and genetics. Reproduction, as a factor of evolution, is of exceptional importance. It ensures the succession of generations and the continuity of life.

Man and the biosphere

The processes of the origin of the Earth's shells and the geochemical activity of living organisms are studied by biology. The evolution of the biosphere of our planet has a long geological history. It was developed by V.Vernadsky in his teaching. He also introduced the term "noosphere", meaning by it the influence of man's conscious (mental) activity on nature. The living substance that enters all the shells of the planet, changes them and determines the cycle of substances and energy.