The Russian language is a complex phenomenon, bright, extremely diverse. This applies to all of its levels. Particularly interesting phenomena in it can be observed at the level of phonetics, vocabulary and grammar. These layers will first of all tell us in the most complete form about the changes that occur in oral and written speech over time, under the influence of events taking place in society. If archaeologists extract information about "the affairs of bygone days," dealing with artifacts, the linguists do the same job, studying the life of the word.
Lexical flips
Vocabulary, perhaps, the most mobile language layer. It is more than other sections of philology connected directly with speakers, with live communication. Therefore, the lexical composition of the Russian language is so rich, multifaceted, diverse. In addition to the traditional synonymous and anthonymic groups, which enter into complex correlative relations, the linguists singled out yet another vast community of words, called homonyms. It is extremely heterogeneous, its lexical units themselves form several isolated branches. This, in addition to proper homonyms, homophones and homographs, examples of which we have to disassemble.
Definition of concept
The term came to us from the ancient Greek language and literally translates as "equally spelled" or "I write the same." What does it mean? And the fact that homographs are examples of such words that have a similar graphic inscription, but they are pronounced differently and do not coincide in their lexical meaning. The difference in pronunciation is mainly due to the mismatch of shock positions or phonetic and grammatical laws. The most famous homographs, examples of which clearly demonstrate this difference - the words zamok and zamok, a'tlas and atla's and others.
Explaining to children
Vocabulary is studied in detail in the school in grade 5, and then the children do not return purposefully to the material they have passed up to the final exams, when it is necessary to remember and systematize the whole luggage of knowledge. What can not be said about other language sections. Therefore, it is important that the students initially learned and easily classify various linguistic phenomena. Explaining in the lesson what homographs are, examples of their teachers should be disassembled in detail, following the principle of "from simple to complex." That is, first he himself explains, then he asks the same to make disciples. It is very important in the process of passing the topic to give words a lexical interpretation. Only then will the assimilation of the material be strong, and the memorization-conscious.
Contextual environment
Therefore, understanding the theory, from the methodological point of view, it will be more correct to bring not single omographs - examples of word combinations with explanatory words will be much more obvious. If the teacher writes the words "ancient castle, medieval castle, stone castle, castle with high towers, royal castle" on the board, it will be clear to the children that it is an architectural structure, a residential building, etc. Further, you can write to yourself Record 1-2 suitable offers with homographs. Examples: "On a high hill towered a formidable medieval castle. He was surrounded by an impregnable stone wall. " And now the homograph: a clever castle, a padlock, a broken lock, a zippered lock. Children will immediately determine that these examples mean a mechanism for closing something. And they will be able to continue the series: "Dad pierced a new and reliable lock at the door. Now we can not be afraid for the safety of our apartment. " If the teacher during the classes in the subsequent classes will from time to time return to this material, this will have a beneficial effect on the language practice of schoolchildren.
Close, but not identical
Naturally, it is difficult for the child to keep in memory all the information received by him during the period of apprenticeship and in their original form to bring them to the examinations. The first thing that he begins to get confused with when the material on lexicology loses relevance - what are homographs and homophones (synonyms and antonyms, homonyms are remembered more firmly, because they have more pronounced differentiated features). The phenomenon of homophony is based on sound proximity ("background" - sound). Yes, these words are often written the same way (not always!) But they have the same stress, and the homographs do not. Omofons are: a bow - a plant and a bow - arms, a braid - hair and a scythe - an agricultural equipment, a flu - illness and a mushroom (a different graphic cover at identical phonetic registration!) - a plant.
Systematization of homographs
The problem of homography of the Russian language linguists began to seriously engage in already in our, 21 century. Until this time, this linguistic phenomenon was considered very superficially. In modern philology, in addition to graphical homographs (ie, in its pure form), there are:
- Words that are equally written and refer to the same part of speech, for example, flour and mu'ka;
- Matched words with different parts: call and ring;
- Situational omographs: in Ko'li - coli '.
A variety of tasks with an entertaining bias will help students to penetrate deeper into the riddles of Russian vocabulary and deal with its features. And it is necessary to teach them to use dictionaries, including the dictionary of homographs!