Dairy industry in Russia. Dairy enterprises: development and challenges. Dairy and meat industry

In the economy of any state, the role of the food industry is enormous. At present, the enterprises of this industry in our country have about 25 thousand. The share of the food industry in the volume of Russian production is more than 10%. The dairy industry is one of its branches. It includes enterprises that produce their products from milk. The scale and uniqueness of production are determined by the number of inhabitants, their creative and genetic potential.

World dairy and meat industry

The food industry is owned by all states, but in terms of its level of development it differs significantly in different countries. Unconditional leaders are economically developed states. In addition, many industries, including the dairy and meat industry, have international specialization. This means that some states are large exporters, while others are large consumers.

Meat industry is a branch of international specialization of European countries (especially France, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Belgium and Denmark), North America, New Zealand, Australia, as well as some developing countries (Brazil, China, Uruguay, Argentina). The largest exporters of this product to the world market are the countries of Western Europe. They account for about 50% of all world exports. The leaders of the industry are also the USA, Australia and Brazil. The largest importers of products are the states of Western Europe, Japan and Russia.

Dairy products are produced in European countries, as well as in the USA, Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, New Zealand and Australia. Widely known were Finnish and French butter, cheese from Germany, France, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Lithuania, sour cream from Estonia and Finland, yoghurts from Germany and France. The leaders in the supply of dairy products to the international market are the states of Europe (especially North and Central), as well as Australia and New Zealand. Its main importers are the CIS countries and China.

Features of dairy production

Milk in its nutritional properties is the most perfect type of food. It almost perfectly balanced the composition of nutrients. The share of dairy products accounts for a significant proportion in the diet of mankind. The researchers calculated that their annual consumption is about 16% of all food types.

Milk production has one important feature: it results in perishable products. In addition, they refer to goods characterized by a high rate of consumption. This means that their production must be large-scale, and the nomenclature - is steadily expanding.

A bit of history

Milk processing in prerevolutionary Russia was mainly handicraft. During the Soviet Union, the dairy industry became a major industry. Already in the 1930s, it received great development. It was then that as a result of the collectivization of agriculture and the industrialization of the country, conditions were created for the active growth of the products. At this time, the dairy industry was particularly active in Moscow, Leningrad, Kislovodsk, Sochi, Kuibyshev, Sverdlovsk. In these cities, large dairy plants were established. In the 1970s, in terms of the volume of production of animal oil and milk, the USSR ranked first in the world. Today, plants and factories produce a wide range of products. They are equipped with automated and mechanized bottling lines in bags, bottles and other types of containers, coolers and pasteurizers, evaporators, separators, cheeses, etc.

Factors of accommodation of dairy enterprises

These enterprises are placed depending on the availability of the consumer and raw materials. They are concentrated mainly in highly urbanized areas.

The following are the most significant economic factors in the location of dairy enterprises:

• The location of the respective farms relative to the sales markets, and the availability of processing enterprises in this place; The condition of roads and vehicles; Availability of containers for storage of final products and raw materials;
• Production potential, expressed in the already created livestock, industrial buildings and structures for agricultural purposes;
• The efficiency of output from the point of view of the economy;
• Stability and peculiarities of interregional relations in the sphere of dairy farming;
• The supply of means of production that are supplied by industry.

The trend of the modern market

The number of enterprises of butter-cheese and dairy production is relatively stable. Nevertheless, the market is currently tending to create larger forms. Large firms often buy up small factories, thus expanding sales territory and production facilities. In addition, the acquisition of modern equipment, which allows to improve the quality of products and maintain the reputation of the manufacturer, is financed mainly by large enterprises. The industry's profit in just one year, from 2009 to 2010, increased by 36.8%. This was due to the successful functioning of national and regional market leaders.

Lack of raw milk

Enterprises producing dairy products face a number of problems. One of the main is the production of raw milk. The fact is that milk yields in recent years have been steadily declining. This means that before the processing enterprises there is a problem of shortage of raw materials, which, in turn, leads to an increase in prices for it. In addition, raw milk, produced by Russian producers, often has unsatisfactory quality. This creates additional difficulties in the production of high quality products. Enterprises are forced to use dry and artificial additives, which leads to an increase in production costs and a decrease in the value of goods.

Organizational problems

Currently, the dairy market of our country is experiencing serious difficulties. We can state the absence of a unified strategy for its development, internal disorder. There is also no clear system of support for this industry by the state.

The dairy industry in Russia is currently divided. Every processor and manufacturer tries alone to cope with the problems of his firm. As a result, the development of the dairy industry in our country is significantly slowing down. Industry unions that unite processors and milk producers, unfortunately, were unable to develop a unified strategy for protecting this industry.

The requirements for production, coming from government officials, are multidirectional and politicized. Each association, each participant of the industry comes up with its own proposals and requirements, often contradicting each other. The state in response to this offers its own vision of solving the problems that the dairy industry faces, something that is convenient for officials. However, the market often can not agree with it. The state now needs to draw up a clear business plan for 30-50 years ahead.

The dairy industry in Russia is strongly disintegrated. Processors and milk producers are often in opposition to each other. Common sense and world experience suggest that the two industries - milk production and processing - are parts of one system. You can not raise the industry if you support only the production of milk, since an increase in the volume of its production will require its processing. Similarly, the development of only the processing industry will lead to a shortage of raw materials. Only importers can replenish it quickly.

Other problems

To the above main problems that hamper the development in our country of such an industry as the dairy industry, the following should be added:

• Seasonality of milk production in our country;
• Shortage of milk-collecting points, lack of refrigeration facilities on farms;
• Moral and physical wear and tear of the fixed assets of factories, the construction of most of which dates back to the 70-80s of the last century.

Many of the above problems must be solved at the state level. They require the joint efforts of enterprises. This is the only way to solve many problems of the dairy industry.

Russia in the world market of dairy products

Our country is a major importer, but it can not be called a major player in the global market. Russia is not actually represented in the main world associations. On the development of the industry this has a very negative effect. The market of our country does not participate in the discussion of global problems. He does not know about what are the world trends in the development of such an industry as the dairy industry. Instructions, innovative and scientific developments, which use the largest world associations, he also does not apply. This affects both milk processors and its producers, as well as end-users.

Main producers

Today there are quite a few manufacturers of goods of this industry in our country. Nevertheless, only some dairy enterprises sell their products in most regions of Russia. According to experts, the following companies are the market leaders of our country (2012 data):

• "Unimilk".
• "Wimm-Bill-Dann."
• Ochakovsky Dairy Factory.
• Voronezh Dairy Plant.
• Piskarevsky Dairy Plant.
• Permmoloko.
• "Danone".
• Rosagroexport.
• "Ehrmann".
• Campina.

Competition in the market

The share of Wimm-Bill-Dann, the leader in the domestic dairy market, in 2012 was estimated at 10.8%. We note that the share of its nearest competitor is about 4 times lower. One could say that the food dairy industry in our country is characterized by relatively high competition. But you need to keep in mind that many products have a short shelf life. In addition, they require special storage conditions. In this regard, the degree of competition in local and regional markets is much lower. As a result, it turns out that in some regions, local factory-leaders or industry leaders receive from 30 to 70% of the entire dairy market. The remaining share is shared by other local firms or firms in neighboring regions.

Import of goods

Imported goods constitute a competition for Russian products. In general, the share of imports is low, it is estimated at between 15 and 19%. This is because the dairy market has a natural protection against foreign competitors, since the goods are perishable and require special conditions for transportation and storage.

Nevertheless, for some categories that have long shelf life, it is import products that are leading in the Russian market. In particular, foreign brands account for 30% of the sold butter and 60% of cheese. The import of dairy products and milk is also actively growing. The volume of imports of condensed cream and milk in the country increased by 124.6%, cheese by 34%, butter by about 21%.

The volume of production of dairy products in Russia is not enough, so our country is forced to import condensed milk, cheeses and butter in large quantities. As for the market of whole milk products, it is fully provided by domestic production. For the period from 2009 to 2012 the total volume of cheese imports amounted to $ 7.5 billion, butter - $ 2.15 billion. In annual resources of cheese and butter, the share of products imported to the country from abroad is approximately 40%.