Dadaism is what? Representatives of Dadaism in painting

In the modern world people pay special attention to their culture and mental development. It is no longer enough to be an expert in only one area to maintain an interesting conversation in an intelligent company.

In order not to lag behind life and not to hit the dirt at the most crucial moment, we must constantly develop and learn something new.

Everyone who considers himself an educated person with a rich outlook should understand the minimum elements of art and painting, because this is one of the most common topics when talking unfamiliar people in an intelligent society.

There is a huge number of styles, at different times invented by artists and writers, from prudish classicism to an eccentric and anarchic underground.

Today we will talk about one of the most discussed styles of the twentieth century - about Dadaism.

Dadaism: Definition

As you understand, the beginning of the twentieth century amazed the people with its cruelty and inhumanity. The whole world became a victim of hostilities, unleashed due to self-serving, illogical and even maniacal actions of some politicians. The discontent of the masses grew. All this accumulated tension and misunderstanding of what was happening splashed through the direction of creativity of that time.

Dadaism in itself is an avant-garde art direction that rejects any laws of color combination and excludes clear lines and geometric figures. In 1916, the artists, stunned by the horrors of the war, opened this direction to the people in literature, music, painting, theater and cinema. With this kind of kitsch, they tried to express their contempt for power, its cynicism, the lack of humanity, logic, and the cruelty that, in their opinion, became the reason for the discord among the countries.

A follower of such a direction as Dadaism is surrealism, which also denies all aesthetic.

Disappointment, sensation of meaninglessness of existence, anger and disbelief in a happy future are the reasons for the emergence of this trend, which denies all the laws of beauty.

Dadaism is a style that openly protested military actions and the bourgeoisie, striving for anarchy and communism.

Where did the name come from

For the name of such a flow, identifying the complete meaninglessness and incomprehensibility of what the authorities were doing in those years, it was necessary to find the corresponding word.

Tristan Tzana, trying to find a suitable name for the newly invented style, flipped through the dictionary with the languages of the Negro tribes and came across the word "dada".

So, Dadaism - this is translated from the language of the African tribe Crewe - the tail of the cow. Later it was found out that in some regions of Italy the so-called wet-nurse and mother are called, and the "dada" is very similar to baby babble.

The artist considered that there is no better name for this avant-garde direction.

The founders of the current

Dadaism simultaneously originated in Zurich and New York, in each country independently of each other. The founders of this anti-aesthetic current include: the poet and playwright from Germany Hugo Ball, Richard Hulzenbeck, Samuel Rosenstock - a French and Romanian poet (a Jew by nationality), better known to the general public under the pseudonym Tristan Tzara, the German and French poet, sculptor and painter Arp Jean , The German-French artist Max Ernest and Janko Marcel - an Israeli and Romanian artist. All these famous personalities are vivid representatives of Dadaism in painting, literature, music and other spheres of art.

The meeting place, which this group of creative people chose for themselves, became "Cabaret Voltaire". Almanac, released by the Dadaists of that time, bears the name of this institution.

Despite the fact that the above-mentioned individuals are considered the founders of the current we are discussing, several decades before its foundation, the world-famous "school of fuzism", created by the artist Arthur Sapek and writer Alfons Ale in the late nineteenth century, put forth artistic and musical works that carry in themselves All the main positions of this direction.

Most of the bohemians, working in the style of Dada, settled in France and Germany, where gradually this flow merged with avant-gardism and surrealism.

Dadaism in Russia gained fame thanks to the famous Moscow and Rostov literary group Nichyovka, but by the end of its existence.

By 1923, this direction was replaced by new trends that corresponded to popular moods. Dadaists retrained into expressionists and surrealists.

Dadaism in painting

The most popular kind of creativity in this style is a collage: many artists, taking as a basis some suitable material, pasted it with various pieces of colored paper, fabric and other catchy materials.

Dadaism in painting is futuristic and constructivist, where preference is given to artificially created mechanized objects, rather than to man and his soul.

Fans of this direction with their creativity try to destroy the traditional language of culture in the broadest sense of the word.

All the representatives of Dadaism in painting completely deny everything logical by their works, they destroy the spiritual and social canons that have been formed for centuries, in exchange for making senseless pictures and collages funny with their arealistic and stupid. However, they are very successful, because they fully correspond to the state of the public.

There is no more closely connected with the literature direction than Dadaism in painting. Artists of that time often turned out to be part-time poets, which most strikingly reflected on their works in these two spheres (R. Hausman, G. Arp, K. Schwithers, F. Picabia).

As it was said above, the school of "fumish" had a special influence on future Dadaists.

Representatives of Dada derived much of the work of the artist Marcel Duchamp, the work was avant-garde at the beginning of his work.

This painter in his works gave the main role to everyday, unremarkable subjects, which to some extent - also Dada. Examples of his works are "Crusher for chocolate №2" and "Wheel from a bicycle".

His work, the artist, like all Dadaists, ridicules the highest goal and the most important task in art, calling for artistic freedom and insanity.

Dadaism in the sounds of music and poetry

In addition to paintings, Dadaists also captured other areas of creativity. They managed to unite in one exhibition paintings, loud music, reading of literary works and dances.

Kurt Schwyters is a Dadaist who became the inventor of sound poetry, which he calls "good verses." In this form of literary exposition, a story with music is intertwined, for example, a battle in the poem shows a noise. Such poems most often carried a meaning to themselves with an anti-war and anti-bourgeois background. Poets ridiculed in them the authorities and the established moral foundations.

Also often the public was offered poetic works, which were not told by words and phrases, but consisted of a set of sounds, letters, shouting, and loud music.

Dadaism is also music brought by such famous personalities as: Francis Piquebia, Georges Ribemon-Deses, Erwin Schulhoff, Hans Heusser, Albert Seveno, Eric Sati. Their compositions were noisy and showed the animal essence of society, which was not always clear to the common man in the street.

Dances in this direction also did not differ in a set of smooth and connected movements, and the costumes of the dancers were sewn in the zigzag-cubism style, which did not add to them aesthetics.

Dadaists, tired of national strife, which the war brought, dreamed of uniting the creativity of the peoples of the world into one. The favorite destinations in the "Voltaire Cabaret", which seemed to be the bohemians closest to nature, were: African music, jazz and playing the balalaika.

Art in Germany

In Germany, Dadaism is, above all, a political protest, expressed through such something in something even underground art.

The artistic groups of this country did not so vehemently reject the semantic load of creativity, as did the representatives of this style in other states. Here Dadaism was more political and social in character and showed all the bitterness of the people caused by the war and its consequences in the form of a ruined and incapable of rising from the tribes of the country.

Also, the German Dadaists H. Hench and G. Gross in their works expressed sympathy for Russia, which at that time was in a state of revolution.

Dadaism in the 20th century still brought a significant contribution to art when Gross, Hartfield, Hatch and Houseman developed photomontage, and also released a number of political journals.

In the summer of 1920, in honor of the end of the war, the above-mentioned intelligentsia organizes a fair of Dadaists, where bohemia from all over the world gathers.

It was in Germany that the collage was improved, since in symbiosis with cubism, elements of photomontage appeared on it.

In addition to works in the direction of painting, Husman makes an appreciable contribution to literary creation, presenting to the public several "abstract" poems consisting simply of their set of sounds and resembling a shamanic hiss.

The parents of the Dadaist cinema consider Richter and Egeleng.

In France

Dadaism in art has received a particularly radical expression in France, since its inception there began before the appearance of the name of this current.

Pre-Dada works include such personalities as Duchamp, Picabia and the "boxer poet" - Caravan.

The latter published the magazine "Immediately", where he insulted celebrities and made reviews, including invented stories.

It was there that the founder of Dadaism, Tristan Tzana, lived.

Paris is considered a fount of avant-garde art of that time. Eric Satie, Picasso and Coto created a scandalous ballet that does not fit into the notion of classical values. In this country, Dada demonstrations, manifestos, exhibitions were constantly held and many magazines were published.

Duchamp released the converted famous pictures of the classics. A real masterpiece of Dadaism is the Gioconda with prikrasennyh antennae, which receives the name "She is unbearable already burns."

Ernest, creating his paintings, applies fragments of ancient engravings. He draws images that everyone understands, but they are oversaturated with black humor.

Tzana brought to the public the dramatic work "Gas Heart", which in 1923 causes a riot inside the association "Dada", and Andre Breton demands a split of the current with the subsequent formation of surrealism.

In 1924, Tzana last time represents the tragedy "Handkerchief of the clouds".

Dadaism in New York

The second birthplace of the current is New York, which became a haven for a huge number of artists that are objectionable to the authorities of other countries.

Marcel Duchamp, Francis Picabia, Beatriz Wood and Mann Ray became the heart of the Dada of the United States of America, soon they were joined by Arthur Creven, evading conscription to the French army. They exhibited their work in the gallery of Alfred Stieglitz and in the house of the Ahrensberg couple.

The New York Dadaists did not organize manifestos, they expressed their opinions through publications such as "Blind" and "New York Dada", where they criticized the traditions approved by the museums.

American Dadaism was very different from European, it did not carry a political protest, but was based on humor.

In 1917, Duchamp put on display the artists urinal, on which he glued a sign with the inscription "Fountain", which shocked all those present. The sculpture, which was selected at that time, is now considered a monument of modernism.

Because of Duchamp's departure, the company of the famous Dadaists disintegrated.

In the Netherlands

In The Netherlands, the most famous Dadaist was Theo Van Desburg, who published a magazine called De Stijl. Pages of this edition he filled with works of famous devotees of the avant-garde style.

Together with his friends Shtirves and Vilmos Khusar, as well as with his wife Neli Van Disberg, he created a Dutch company of Dada.

After the death of Dysberg, it was found that in his journal he also published his own poems, though under the pseudonym IK Bonset.

Consequences of Dadaism

By the end of 1924 Dada as a separate direction in art ceased to exist. It merged with surrealism and social realism in France and with modernism in Germany. This arisen during the period of popular despair, many experts rightly called the harbinger of postmodernism.

During the Second World War, most Dada artists moved to the United States of America.

Adolf Hitler, recognizing only his ideals, considered the art of "Dada" degenerate, desecrating the true (in his opinion) values and unworthy of the existence of style, so he persecuted and imprisoned in the concentration camps of artists who worked in this direction. The bulk of the artists who came to the German camps had Jewish roots, and therefore people were subjected to terrible torture and died.

The echoes of Dadaism are even now manifesting themselves in anti-artistic and political groups of bohemia, for example, "The Society of Unfractioning." Also popular group "Chamboemba" rightfully calls itself a follower of Dadaism.

Some writers consider Lenin to be a member of the Dadaists club, since he participated in the balalaika orchestra, which fell in love with those gathered at the Voltaire's Cabaret, and he also lived for some time near the building where the representatives of the current gathered.

Periodically known museums organize exhibitions of Dada works. This exhibition was held in 2006 in the Museum of Modern Art, located in Paris, in Washington, in the National Art Gallery and in the Center Georges Pompidou in Paris. Shows of works in the style of "Dadaism" - a tribute to the memory of artists who died during the Nazi Germany.

So, let's briefly summarize what kind of current it is, and determine its main positions.

• Dadaism is an art with an anti-political and bourgeois orientation. He refutes all realistic, aesthetic and spiritual, copying the behavior of the authorities of that time.
• Painting - the most important sphere in the 20th century, which was captivated by Dada. Artists who created in this power, most often used a collage, which combines scraps of various bright materials, newspaper clippings and photomontage.
• The music represented by the adherents of this trend is of a noise character.
• Literature is also not very meaningful, the main invention of the Dadaists was verse, in which instead of words a set of sounds is used, reminiscent of the invocation of primitive people to the gods.
• Films and plays in this current are also illogical and have strange, disconnected names.
• Their sculptures are ordinary things used in everyday life. The most famous monument to Dada is the urinal, whose author gave it the name "Fountain".
• In choreography, the style is expressed with the help of dancers dressed in unaesthetic costumes.
• The antics of bohemia of that time can be called the manifestation of Dadaism in the culture of behavior.

In this article, we have figured out what the style of "dada" is and in this connection it arose, deciphered its name, talked about its founders, found out the differences of Dada in different countries and looked at its main positions in music, literature, painting, cinema , Dances and architecture.

We hope that we were able to answer all your questions.