Constructive elements in the Russian language. The basis of the word

In the Russian language there are new constructions, the bases of which are taken already from existing words or word combinations. Each element can be assigned to a specific category. There are only two of them: non-derivatives and derivatives. There are also different kinds of word bases. Further in the article, let's talk about what these components represent. Also find out how to find the basis of the word. The text will give examples for better understanding.

Types of constructions

In speech elements that have the property of changing, the stem of the word is a part without an ending and an affix that gives shape. For example: the desert (I) or pine, the eighth (oh) or chit (l) . In unchanged elements of speech, the stem is equal to the word. Examples can be considered designs dreaming or high . There are exceptions in which the basis of the word is intermittent:

- verbal forms that have postfix -s or -s, for example, learners ;

- pronouns that have-or, somehow, something, an example: like-oh-then ;

- compound nouns - closet-a-coupe ;

-complex numerals - sem-i-tenth .

Structure of the elements of speech

The basis of the word is an invariable part. This element passes its lexical meaning. What exactly is before us a part - derivative or non-derivative - can be determined by its structure. The basis of the word, which consists of a single morpheme, that is, the root, is considered non-derivative. For example: a table, a city . Basics, which include two or more derivational affixes, are considered to be derived. Most often it is a root that is combined with a suffix (one or a pair), for example, bread-n-th . With prefixes - over -years . And also in rare cases with a prefix and a suffix in one word: without-home-n-th . All arising elements of speech can be formed from a derivative or non-derivative part.

Producing stem of the word

These parts are components of new speech elements. They have nothing to do with derivatives and non-derivative structures. An example of the presence of a producing basis can be considered to be a strong word. The initial speech element is force . The basis of words that change and that do not change is different from each other. In elements that change, this component is part with no end and suffixes that form the form. For example: sad or a window . How is the basis of the word defined in these cases? The rule says that you need to remove the ending and form-building suffixes.

Non-derivative element

In Russian there are words that have a primary character. That is, they are not formed from any structures. The basis of such words is called non-derivative. For example: water, grass, white . The non-derivative word base has only the root. It can not be divided into morphemes. With non-derivative basis, it is possible to combine affixes (suffixes, prefixes, postfixes, etc.). They form new speech elements. So there are designs with derived bases. Examples of such words can be considered: brother - brotherly - brotherly .

Derived element

This is the basis of the word, which emerged from another element as a result of the addition of some morpheme. The main component of this type is the root, but it can also include:

- suffixes. Examples: courage, masculinity, courageous ;

- consoles - for-husband, great-grandson, no-friend ;

- prefix and suffix in one word. For example: in the husband-sk-i, wo-husband-a-l-th .

The derived form can be divided into several morphemes, it is composed not only of the root. The derived form can be continuous and intermittent. The first type can be considered according to the following examples: dream-t, fish-a or table-s . Examples of discontinuous produced basis are the words I meet or carried away , etc. It should be noted some features of these designs. Any derivative part has its own generating word base. The latter is the original element. For example, you can consider the word water , and its derivatives: watery, watery , and watery .

How correctly to combine suffixes, prefixes and postfixes

Let's start with examples: za-doh-nu-ti-xia or o-doom-a-vshi-si . In this case, the basis, which is called the producer, is joined by the affixes that form the word, a new element or phrase appears on the basis of them. As a result, different chains of word combinations can arise. These words are mostly words that have a non-derivative basis. Each speech element that enters the chain is considered to be related, as well as single-root. Fundamentals that have endings such as -y, -y, may cause some difficulty in parsing the word. Also, it may be difficult to isolate the root. For example: visitors, articles, foxes . To avoid mistakes, it is necessary several times to incline a certain word and try to understand how much the sound (j) is stored in other forms of the word. If it is absent, then, in front of us, the variable part of the word. In other words, the sound (j) is present at the end. If it is preserved clearly, it means that it is the basis of the word. For example: become - j - y , stat - j - I. In the case of morphological analysis of the word, the stem must be designated by a square line from the bottom. This is applicable in the case of a written method. In electronic printed versions, the base is allocated with ordinary square brackets. This is due to the fact that there is no necessary button on the computer keyboard. All these elementary rules are studied in school, they are necessary for any educated person.