Complex sentence: examples. Complicated and complex sentences

Traditionally (and in school grammar) a complex sentence was understood as the union of simple sentences, achieved with the help of certain syntactic means and characterized by semantic, constructive and intonational integrity. But its parts are not simple sentences, because: 1) they often can not be independent communicative units, but exist only as part of a complex one; 2) do not have intonation completeness; 3) the entire proposal responds to one information question, i.e. Is a single communicative unit. It is more correct to consider them not as simple sentences, but as predicative units.

Classification of complex sentences

We will analyze complex and complex sentences, examples and their classification. To begin with, both are complex. Complex sentences differ in the nature of the connection, the nature of the predicative units, the order of the parts. They are allied and unionless. Allied, on which we will dwell in this article, in turn, are divided into complex and complex sentences (see examples below).

Complex proposal (SSP)

SCBs are such complex sentences, parts of which are connected by writing unions and do not grammatically depend on each other, i.e. Are in regard to equality, equivalence.

The specificity of the composition unions consists primarily in the fact that they are in a fixed position - always between connected predicative units (except for repeated unions). They are not part of any part of compound sentences. When the order of predicative units is changed, the place of the union does not change. The analysis of compound sentences, examples of its various types are given in this article.

Classification of compound unions

Classification of the SSP in the "Russian Grammar-80" relies on the division of unions on the basis of uniqueness / ambiguity. To unions of the undifferentiating type are: and, but, yes, yes, or, or, or their synonyms. They tend to express a certain type of relationship, but their meaning is always to some extent determined by the context or specified by the concretizer. Unions of a differentiating type (basically allied analogs) unequivocally qualify these or other relations: that is, namely, therefore, also, on the contrary, more correctly, etc., which has a compound sentence.

Examples of SSP with unions of nondifferentiating type

• Her heart was beating violently, and her thoughts could not stop at anything (actually the connecting one).
• I called and I was immediately opened the door (not connected with positive communication qualification).
• He never restrained his word, and this is very bad (not necessarily a connecting, additive, commenting).
• He joked, but I was malicious (comparative).
• Life passes quickly, and you have not done anything yet (inconsistency, compound sentence).

Examples with the "but" union:

• There is no rain, but the air is rather humid (adversely-concessionary).
• He is not very diligent, but enjoys music with pleasure (adversely-compensatory).
• It is quite dark, but the light is not yet lit (adversely-restrictive).
• It smells of hay, but the smell is dense and gentle (connection-spreading compound sentence).

Examples with unions "or", "or":

• Let him move here, into the wing, or I'll move from here (modally complicated).
• Either I'm wrong, or she says untruth (modally uncomplicated compound sentence).

Examples of SSP with differentiation type unions

• I do not know how to recite poetry, that is, I do not like to read them with some special expression (explanatory).
• The snow was already lying, but it was quite warm (there were no strong frosts yet) (opposing).
• I never teased her, on the contrary, treated her very carefully (facultative-commenting).
• He spoke for a long time and monotonously, so everyone was very tired (cause-and-effect).
• Not only did my friends treat his weaknesses condescendingly, but envious people did not dare to object to him (gradational).

Complicated sentences (NGN)

The CPR is such a complex proposal, in which the dependence of the parts connected by the subordinate means of communication is observed: by alliances and allied words.

The structural and semantic classification of the CPR is based on an important formal feature - the nature of the syntactic, formal dependence of the subordinate part on the main one. This feature combines VA's scientific classifications. Beloshapkova and "Russian grammar-80." All CPRs are divided into proposals of an undivided and dissected type. Their differential signs are as follows.

Unbroken type

1. The appendage part is in the verbatim position (refers to one word in the main), a verbal or correlative connection (refers to the demonstrative pronoun).

2. One of the parts is synsemantic; Can not be a semantically sufficient communicative unit outside the composition of a complex sentence.

3. Communication means - syntactic (multivalued) unions and union words.

Dissected type

1. The fictitious part refers to the entire main sentence: deterministic connection.

2. Both parts are autosemantic, i.e. Potentially able to exist independently.

3. Communication means - semantic (unambiguous) alliances.

The most important feature is the first, structural feature.

Further classification of the SPP of the dismembered type is carried out taking into account the content, semantic aspects (such as time, condition, assignment, reason, purpose, effect, comparative, comparative aspect that a complex sentence may have).

Examples from fiction and other suggestions:

• It's been several hours since I left town (temporary).
• If you can, come to two o'clock (condition).
• Although it was already late, there was a light in the house (concession).
• I have almost no free time, because music demands full return (reason).
• To learn well, you have to work hard (the goal).
• His eyes shone as they shine in the dark sky of the star (comparative).
• If he owns the thought, then the form he especially owns (comparative).

Classification of unbiased type of CPR primarily relies on a structural feature - the nature of the means of communication and only on the second level - on semantic differences.

Types of NGN of an undivided type

1. With the union link: explanatory, qualitative (quantitative, qualitative, qualification) and comparative.

2. With pronominal connection: pronominal-interrogative and pronominal-relative complex sentence.

Examples from fiction and other proposals with union link:

• It's silly that you do not come (explanatory).
• The air is as clean as if it were not there (determinative, quantitative).
• He spoke quickly, as if he were being driven (qualitative, qualitative).
• All this happened as if no one was in the room (a deterministic compound sentence).

Examples from the literature and other sentences with pronominal connection:

• It was necessary to hear how he spoke (pronominal-interrogative).
• The house in which we live is new (place-name-relative, oriented).
• Whoever applied, there was no refusal (pronominal-relative, unoriented compound sentence).

Examples of proposals (grade 5, a Russian textbook will help you continue this list), as you can see, you can bring a variety of.

A more detailed theoretical part can be found in a variety of manuals (for example, VA Beloshapkov "Modern Russian", "Russian Grammar-80", etc.).