Circular bail

Circular bail is the legal responsibility of all members of the collective (partnership or community) for the obligations taken by one. Most often this term is of material importance. There was an expression in antiquity, we know its Roman form. The first mention of it is found in the "Russian Truth", and some scholars believe that this institution existed even under Prince Oleg's contract with the Greeks.

In addition to financial responsibility, the round robbery extended to responsibility for crimes when the offender was unknown, or for murder not for the purpose of robbery, but out of revenge or because of a quarrel. That is, the punishment fell on the residents of the district where the crime was committed. This was done in order to eradicate crime or reduce the material damage to the state treasury.

In Russia, the bail-out was in progress until 1903, it was applied mainly to the peasants: the taxes and arrears of each member of the community extended to the entire community as a whole.

In the literal sense, this expression can be explained as the motto "one for all and all for one." It is interpreted by the authors on the positive side. Indeed, friends do not understand complicated situations, but first they act, for them friendship is above all.

But the same concept of "mutual guarantee" lies at the heart of the vendetta - a terrible remnant of the past. Blood vengeance could destroy the whole race for the misdeed of one member of the tribe.

Fascist Nazis often used this method, entering the occupied lands. As soon as they noticed some action of an unknown partisan or disobedience, the execution of every tenth or every third was announced. That is, the punishment was not distributed to the perpetrators, but to those belonging to this society on a territorial basis.

Also executed members of families of communists, whether it be a baby or a weak old man. Later on the same principle fell under the "distribution" of children who left the encirclement or escaped from the concentration camps of Soviet soldiers.

On the one hand, bail is a strong tool, implying friendship and loyalty. On the other hand, there is a strong psychological weapon for setting wild rules "a man is a wolf to man".

Today the term "mutual guarantee" often has a negative color in our speech. The way to hide behind the "society" is often used to justify their misconduct. For example, after a fight between young people, a corpse was found. During the trial, almost everyone explains his involvement in the crime with the phrase: "All went - and I went. All fought - and I fought! "

For some reason, it seems to the "warriors" not far off that if the murder is committed by a crowd, then the responsibility will be divided into all. However, in reality everything turns out not to be so: to a crime committed by a group of people, more stringent sanctions are applied.

Circular bail had its heyday in Soviet times in the bureaucratic apparatus. True, this institute had one-sided coverage. Often it was explained not by the position "one for all", but only exclusively "all for one" or even "someone for one."

The applicant applied for help to a particular person, however, he did not deny the person directly addressed, but he did not give a definitive answer either. The phrase: "I am incompetent in this matter, you need to turn to another person," - was crowned. And where is that competent person - nobody knew.

Ideal would be the second option, when a single official took responsibility for the shortcomings of the entire firm, would make every effort to resolve any urgent issue.

Today, many organizations are also affected by mutual responsibility. In particular, medical institutions are engaged in harboring the culprit in providing unskilled patient care. It is difficult to find a violator of the law in the financial pyramids, during the bankruptcy of the bank, where the funds of a huge mass of people were invested. Communist contributions safely went abroad, and the perpetrators were never found. Unfinished apartments, for which contributions have already been paid, are non-residential. People who already have an entry order are still looking for those who were supposed to bring the construction to completion.