Chinese Communist Party: founding date, leaders, goals

The largest political organization in the world, ruling the country, was founded in 1921 after the defeat of the Kuomintang (Chinese National People's Party) and the end of the Civil War in China. This is the Communist Party of China. Only the CPSU before its dissolution could be compared with the CCP the number of members.

Creature

In the early twentieth century, the rise of the revolutionary movement was observed in China, the ideas of Marxism-Leninism were spread under the influence of the Comintern and the general situation in Russia. The creation of the Communist Party of China was provoked by the October Revolution, after which a group of Chinese intellectuals founded a new organization. For some time they had to work in illegal conditions. The founder and leader of the Chinese Communist Party from 1921 to 1927, Chen Dus organized even the first congress in Shanghai in the summer of 1921.

A huge role in the formation of an organization that quickly turned into a huge political force from a small circle was played by its second leader, Li Lisan, and the first organizer of Marxist circles, Li Dazhao. At the first congress, the Communist Party of China, whose program had already been drafted, proclaimed its goals - right up to the building of socialism in China. Since that time, there have already passed eighteen congresses, the last of which took place in November 2012.

Periods of Party History

First, with the Kuomintang, the Communist Party of China concluded an alliance against all militaristic groups - the First United Front. Then, ten years before 1937, she fought for power with the Kuomintang. But when China was subjected to Japanese aggression, the CCP had to reconcile with political opponents to open a joint Second united front against the Japanese. Before the complete victory over fascism (September 1945) this war lasted.

In 1946, the struggle against the Kuomintang began again and until 1949 became the size of a civil war. The Communist Party of China defeated the Kuomintang and, as a result of this victory, came to power in the country. The People's Republic of China was founded. Then Mao Zedong began the Cultural Revolution. All the central organs of the Party have come to reorganize or disappear. Until 1956, time in China was vague. After the death of Mao, Deng Xiaoping gradually restored almost all the organs of the party, and thus the state bodies again returned under party control.

Controls

The CPC Constitution provides for the supreme governing body of the party, which is the All-China Congress of the Communist Party of China, convened once for five years. In addition, there are other governing bodies. This is the Central Committee, in which the Politburo of the CCP Central Committee is composed of twenty-five people (among them seven are the standing Committee of the Central Committee), the main administrative body with the Secretary General of the CPC Central Committee headed by the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee. And, finally, the Central Military Council of the Central Committee of the CPC duplicates and controls the military council of the PRC.

Day to day administrates, controls, organizes the workflow and other functions of the Main Directorate (Office of the CPC Central Committee). In addition, there is also the Central Commission, which is subordinate only to the All-China Congress, in its functions - control discipline, fight corruption and other serious crimes in the party ranks. There is also a Politico-Legal Commission in the country as the central party organ of legal and administrative policy. The political security division with the functions of physical protection of the top management is the Central Bureau of Security of the CCP.

Functions of the congress

The congress has two formal functions: it introduces and approves amendments, changes in the party's charter, and elects the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Then the Central Committee at the plenum elects the Politburo together with the Standing Committee and the Secretary General. But almost all of these decisions are taken long before the congress, where only the policy directions that the Communist Party of China is going to implement and the priorities for the development of the country for the next five years are promulgated.

The CCP is not the only key organ of China's political power. There is also the State Council and the People's Liberation Army. The People's Political Consultative Council has the right to have a consultative vote, and in the 1980s the Central Commission, established by Deng Xiaoping, was functioning, where the CCP's advisers met.

amount

The formation of the Communist Party of China in 1921 did not foreshadow its modern political force, since the organization was incredibly small: only twelve delegates attended the first illegal congress in Shanghai. By 1922, the number of Communists had risen sharply: they were one hundred and ninety-two. In 1923, the CCP counted four hundred and twenty people, a year later - almost a thousand. In 1927, the party grew to 58,000 members, and in 1945 - over a million. When the resistance of the Kuomintang fell, the party's growth rates became unbelievable, by 1957 more than ten million people had joined the CCP, and in 2000 their number had grown to sixty million.

The next congress of the party in 2002 allowed the admission of businessmen into its ranks, which significantly increased the number of its members. Moreover, Zhang Ruimin, who is president of the Haier corporation, was elected to the Central Committee, which was an unprecedented thing up to this point. So, millionaire and billionaires came to the CCP, for example, Liang Wengeng took an active part in the congress of the CCP, despite the fact that he held the first line of the millionaires rating in the 2011 Forbes magazine. Today, the CCP has more than 85 million people.

Consequences of the Cultural Revolution

In the period from 1965 to 1976, China's political events, the so-called Cultural Revolution, provoked a struggle and crisis within the Communist Party, which was due to both the domestic and foreign policies of Mao Zedong.

His supporters, with the help of loyal military units and students, consistently destroyed all party organizations except the army, dissolved party committees, repressed Party workers, including many active members, candidates for the Politburo and the CPC Central Committee.

Reforms

After Mao's death, it was not until 1979 that the country embarked on reforms and expansion of external relations, under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, secretary general from 1976 to 1981. The goals of the Communist Party of China changed dramatically, since a serious modernization of the country was needed. Reforms were carried out consistently and very widely in all spheres of the political and economic system.

Thus, the main directions were determined, according to which the development of the country should take place. A new goal was the creation of socialism with Chinese characteristics, which presupposes continued reforms and openness to the outside world. Xi Jinping, who was elected general secretary in 2012, continued this policy, confirming with the deed the previous postulate: the revival of the country can only be achieved by the Communist Party of China.

Political dominance

The architect of reforms was Deng Xiaoping, who persistently tried all his best to retain power over the processes in the hands of the CCP. The party's capabilities and potential allowed even in the conditions of modern China to reject the path of democratization and preserve the political foundations that had developed earlier. On the one hand, this decision was influenced by the example of the USSR, and on the other - examples of Taiwan and South Korea. The Party's monopoly on power is the provision of the party's policy for the status quo for many years.

The slogan and the new goal of "building socialism with Chinese characteristics" emerged in connection with the need for reforms carried out "from above," that is, changes in society, both social and economic, but by respecting the continuity of power and preserving the party's dominant role in all processes. The word "socialism" is key here. That is why the name of Mao Zedong will never be discriminated against in China. Now it, by the way, sounds more often and with unprecedented piety. The power of the CCP is returning to its roots.

Intraparty factions

The so-called "Peking Komsomol members" - the neo-Maoists, most often from the poorest regions, are in favor of speedy development of their native places at the expense of provinces richer, for example, in the coastal regions. They consider China a leader in the developing world. The leader of this grouping is the former Secretary General of the CPC Central Committee Hu Jintao. His successor in the post of secretary general - Xi Jinping for a long time was considered a supporter of the "Shanghai Group", but still entered into an alliance with the "Beijing".

The so-called "Shanghai clique" is the Shanghai people, the CCP officials, who were "promoted" by Jiang Zemin , while still the mayor of Shanghai, and subsequently received the post of chairman of the PRC. After his departure from this post, the threads of power in the entire leadership of the CCP remained in his hands, everywhere there were people. There is in the party top another grouping called "Old Dissatisfied," which oppose market reforms.

Xi Jinping

In 2012, Xi Jinping came to the place of Hu Jintao, who led the party for ten years. This candidacy for a very long time "stayed": five years before this moment, it was unofficially decided that he would be the leader of the Communist Party of China. Then he took the second post - he became chairman of the military council of China.

Gradually, the behavioral "nuts" inside the party are tightened ever tighter. There were, for example, new rules in 2015, prohibiting the Chinese Communists from playing golf, eating extravagant food and even attending graduates' meetings. It is absolutely forbidden in any form to criticize the party.

More specifically about prohibitions

In addition, from January 1, 2016, party members were prohibited from attending fitness, golf, and any other private clubs. They are prescribed simplicity in all manifestations and protection from extravagance. Prohibitions are really harsh: there should not be any irrelevant remarks about the party's policy, citizenship should not be changed, permanently go abroad, informal ties with non-members of the party are not supported (this includes just neighbors in the community, classmates and comrades in arms ), Do not use sexual services, especially not to provide them, "inappropriate" sexual relations, too, should not be. Thus, the chairman of the Communist Party of China wants, apparently, to launch a new anti-corruption regime, and also to strengthen its power.

Prohibition of Religion in the CCP

Abstention from religion now began to concern all members of the Chinese Communist Party, including former officials. The religious activity of citizens who occupy or occupy any important post in importance is subject to control and inevitably follows the punishment up to expulsion from the ranks. According to Reuters, even long-retired officials are not allowed to participate in religious activities. Although the Chinese Constitution prescribes freedom of religion, the Chinese Communist Party closely follows all employees who are, as a rule, members of the party.

The official parliamentary newspaper of China published a statement of the organizational department, which states that former civil servants are also obliged to refrain from belonging to religion. Party members can not join religious associations, on the contrary, they must actively resist the cult evil. However, activities are quite permissible, emphasizes this governmental body, which is associated with any traditional ethnic rituals, if it is not related to the religion of any confession. Religious organizations in the People's Republic of China for various reasons have recently intensified, that is why repressions against various religious leaders have been toughened, strict suppression of all kinds of religious assemblies and actions is taking place.