Basal nuclei of the brain.

Under the cerebral cortex is located a group of anatomically isolated paired structures - the basal nuclei (ganglia). Together with other nuclei of the middle and intermediate brain, they affect the motor activity, which has a different function than the cerebellum. The difference is that the basal nuclei of the cerebral hemispheres do not contain a direct entrance from the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres. Ganglia affect the motor parts of the cerebral cortex, participate in cognitive and emotional functions.

Basal nuclei significantly affect the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres. Their dysfunction leads to impaired movement. The disorder is explained by a significant role in the work of the lateral system of motor abilities. If the basal nuclei of the cerebral hemispheres are exposed to the disease, then the symptomatology is the following: the tonus and muscular posture are disturbed. Basal nuclei soften the movements that occur when they are "triggered" by their cerebral cortex, and they also suppress unnecessary movements. The organized projections come in parallel. Begin from the frontal areas, somatic sensory, motor areas, as well as from the zone of the crown, temples, occiput.

Basal nuclei of the brain consist of a striped body, which includes an amygdala, a fence, a lenticular and a caudate nucleus.

- The almond-shaped body is located in the temporal region. In this zone the crust is somewhat thickened;

- The fence is located outside the core (lenticular). It looks like a plate two millimeters thick. The front part is thickened. On the lateral edge is characterized by the protrusion of gray matter. The medial edge of the fence is even;

- Lenticular nucleus is located outside of the caudate. Small clusters of white matter divide the core into three parts.

- The horsetail nucleus participates in the formation of the upper wall of the horn of the lateral ventricle.

Basal nuclei do not have a direct path to the spinal cord. From the striatum to the reticular region of the black substance and the medial pallid sphere there are braking (GABAergic) fibers. Their functional orientation is based on increasing the effect of excitation of the thalamus nuclei on areas of the motor cortex that are responsible for the necessary movement.

The organization of the indirect path is rather complicated. The process consists in suppressing the excitation of the thalamus to other areas of the motor cortex. The first part of the path contains GABAergic brachial projections of the striatum on the lateral pale sphere. The latter sends the brake fibers to the nucleus of the thalamus. The core outlets are filled with exciting fibers. Some of them go to the pale lateral sphere. The remaining fibers move to the reticular zone of the black substance and the pale medial globe. This implies: if the activating action of the direct path from the striatum increases the excitatory activity of the motor cortex, the activity of the indirect pathway weakens.

Violation of the function of subcortical nuclei leads to a disorder in the motor abilities of a person. They become either excessive or absent altogether. As an example, Parkinson's disease should be cited. People who have undergone such a disease acquire a face mask. Walking is done in small steps. It is difficult for a person to start and stop movement. There is trembling (tremor) of the limbs, muscle tone rises. There is Parkinson's disease due to impaired conduction of nerve impulses from the substance to the striped body. The defeat of the striped body leads to unnecessary movements: twitching of the cervical and facial muscles, trunk, arms, legs. Also, there may be increased activity in the form of aimless movement of the body.

In conclusion, it should be noted the direct dependence of a person's vital capacity on the normal functioning of the brain. The slightest deviation in the work of the brain leads to various diseases, limitations of possibilities, and sometimes to complete paralysis. Therefore, you should avoid injuries, do not expose yourself to unnecessary dangers, unjustified risk.