Words with unstressed vowels. Impudent vowels. Unverifiable unstressed vowel

The Russian language is known to be one of the richest in the world. The lexical structure is so diverse that in addition to the generally accepted rules, there are additional provisions, exceptions and other tools that facilitate the graphic representation of oral speech. Orthography combines rules on how to correctly write words and meaningful parts of them. The discipline contains information about hyphens and separate inscriptions, the use of capital letters and methods of transfer. The entire system is also called spelling. There are three principles for constructing constructive elements of speech: morphological, phonetic and semantic. In this article we will consider some basic rules that contain the language (Russian).

Vigilant vowel: general information

Using the graphics, the spelling forms the outline of words in one correct image and grammatical form. Thanks to this system, the designs have a single graphic image. It usually has a certain meaning that is not associated with the sound side of the speech element. All unstressed vowels in the root can be divided into several groups. Each of them has its own rules. In this article we will consider what words with unstressed vowels are like.

Common Cases

Let's start studying unstressed vowels, verified by stress. Let us analyze the term for a start. Checked unstressed vowels are elements that cause certain doubts when writing in a number of cases. To eliminate these difficulties, there are words in which questionable sounds are in a strong position. Thanks to this, the writer sees how to properly write unstressed vowels in the root. For example: water (water) or heat (heat), fox (foxes). In these speech elements there are verifiable unstressed vowels.

Dictionary constructions

Above, an unstressed vowel of the root, verified by accentuation, was described. Let us consider the cases when there is no construction in the speech in which it would be clear how to write the letter in the "weak" position. That is, there is an unverifiable unstressed vowel. Such elements are in sufficient number in the reference literature. They need to be remembered. This, for example, what words? Vulnerable vowels exist both in borrowed and in primordially Russian designs: vinaigrette, utilitarian, frontage, privilege. In the same list you can include the words antagonism, steak, cannonade, initiative, macaque. This includes the words bryolin, demagogue, holster, badminton, dirigible, bondage, criminology, panorama, optimism, panegyric. Also on the list there are well-known notions: confusion, obsession, lobby, bagpipe, delicacy, depreciation, scrap paper, a chance. An unverifiable unstressed vowel is present in such elements as: clay, range, ring, charm, kosche, tunnel, aborigine, Esperanto. And this is not the whole list. At the beginning of the study of these constructions, writers often refer to the reference literature.

Connecting letters

In the speech, different words are used with unstressed vowels. In some constructions, the letters perform a connecting function. This need arises in cases of the formation of complex structures. As a rule, such structures consist of two words (roots). The connecting function is performed by certain letters. In these cases, it is easy to remember which unstressed vowels are present in the constructions.

Thus, when fusing parts of an international character, "e" and "o" are used. The connecting vowel is used in the letter after paired and simultaneously solid consonants. In this case, use "o". After paired and simultaneously soft, as well as sibilant "c" and "f", "e" is used. Examples of words where such letters are encountered: world outlook, hundred-ruble, mousetrap, haymaking, mud cure, sheep breeding, Old Russian, millennial, Moskvoretsky, ninety-year old, dictophone. The same list can include: employer, disposable, vacuum cleaner, freshly painted, seafarer. To this category include: publicly available, sound engineer, butter, tea-drinking. Among such structures are also present: horse breeding and horse thief, blood and bruising, singing and singing, long-range and far-sighted and others.

The letters "o", "a", "I", "and", "s"

Consider other compound words with unstressed vowels. It is customary to write the letter "o" after "e" or "and" in the constructions that have the first part with the bases for -y, -ya and -ea. For example: a bacterium (bacterium carrier), religion (religious studies), chemistry (chemotherapy), trachea (tracheobronchitis), history (historiography), museum (museology, but exception: museology). In some cases, instead of "e" and "o," letters are used that coincide with the case endings of speech elements, the main parts of which are present in complex combinations. Are applied:

1. "I" - in words that have the first half:

• "Yourself" (for example, selfish, but there are words-exceptions: cost price);
• "Time" (example: pastime, time calculation);
• "Name": (name of the Great Lord);
• "Seed" (ovules, exceptions: seminal storage, names, seed production).

2. "A" - in such speech elements as "crazy" and "insane", as well as in the constructions that in the first parts have:

• "Forty" (forty-hewn, forty, forty-hour, but: sorokoust, centipede);
• "One and a half" (one and a half year, one and a half, one and a half years).

"And" and "s"

The letter "and" is used in words that have in the first half some numerals. Examples: seven-month, ten-year, sixty-year, thirty-ton, triune, trefoil, tri-pillar, triune (but: tripod, triangular). To the same list include such designs as: the spit, daredevil, uncle-stoopin, vyrviglaz.

1. In complex words (at the end of their first halves) are put "and" and "a":

• Air, aqua, mega, media, maxi-, milli-, mini- (and also all words having such first parts).

2. The letter "and" is also used in words with parts:

• -metry (for example, dosimetry);
• -ify and -ify (for example, electrify).

3. The letter "s" is present in such elements of speech as, for example, "Anna Petrovna" or "Baba-Dusin".

Borrowed constructions

There are such speech elements to which the rules of spelling can not be applied. This occurs in cases where the root words refer to different languages. For example, unstressed combinations of "ra", "la", (gates, head), being incomplete, have an Old Slavic origin and are always written with the letter "a". At the root of the same words with such a combination, used today, corresponds to "oro", "olo" (gate, head).

The rules of spelling can not be extended to foreign constructions, since words with unstressed vowels may differ from those in which the dubious component is in a strong position.

Rules for speech elements with alternating "o" and "a"

Some verbs in perfect form (if they are words with unstressed vowel "o" for example) can not be used to test the verbal constructions in the imperfect. For example: late - late, not late; Swallow - a sip, not a swallow and so on. In other words, in these cases, you can not use verbs with an imperfect suffix -uwa (-yva-) for testing. Also, in a dubious case, "trample" should use the form of "trampling", but not "trample."

Cases of alternation "e" and "and"

Attention should be paid to writing words with homonymous roots. In such constructions, questionable elements are pronounced identically, but when they are written they are marked with different letters. You can compare in pairs: sit (sitting) and turn gray (gray). After a soft consonant and hissing, the letter "e" is pronounced in accordance with the accent both "e" and "o". When writing is indicated as "e", and "e". Example: rustle (rustle) and silk (silk).

Writing of doubtful letters after "c"

When writing non-Russian proper names, for example, geographical names, after the consonant "c" in words, you should write "yu" and "I". Example: Zurich. If the syllable is stressed, then it should be written "o", if the letter is pronounced. It should also be written in derivatives of this word. Example: clinking, clinking. Also, the letter "o" should be used in foreign words. Example: the duke. When writing words with the letter "c" in the root, you should write the letter "and", and not "s", for example, in the word "circus". But in this rule there are a number of exceptions, when in the word it is necessary to write the letter "s": gypsies, chicken, on tip-toes, tsyts and derivatives from them. They should be remembered.

Difficult cases in spelling

There are some constructions that do not fall under the rules. They need to be remembered. For example, when writing a word such as "velvet", the letter "a" (velvety) is used in a strong position, but in the unstressed position one should use "o" (barhotka). When writing such a speech element as "children", in a weak position it is necessary to write "e". The same letter is also used in the main word "children", where "e" is written and stressed, and "child" is derived from it. However, when writing the "child" speech element, the letter "and" should be used. As well as in the word "child", where under stress is written "and". Complexities can arise with such a speech element as a "magnet". This word (Greek in origin) in a number of single-root structures has a stressed vowel "e", and in a weak position the sound is designated as "e" and "and". Example: a magnet, a magnet; Radio tape recorder, magnetism.

The presence of such variants in orthographic writing is supported by a side stress in the opening part of complex words on the letters "e" or "and". They also differ when pronouncing. At the root of the financial term "debit", the second vowel in one-root words is always unstressed. In such a design as "debit", it is transmitted by the letter "e", and in the word "debtor" - by the letter "and". In the basics of words such as "infection" and "disinfection" in the stressed position, "e" is written. In a weak position, one should use "and". When writing the difference in the use of letters can be explained by the origin of the source of the stem. In such cases, the determination of the correctness of writing is done using a reference book.

The role of spelling in practice

Orthography serves as a means of language communication in writing. This fact undoubtedly makes it a rather significant discipline for society. Spelling and the whole system of development of the sound base of the language as a whole are in constant interaction. The accepted spelling rules are mandatory for all writing people, it does not matter whether a person makes a letter, article, statement or submits an advertisement to a newspaper. It is not in vain to learn spelling from the primary classes. For children, it is included in the compulsory school curriculum as one of the main subjects. When writing native Russian or borrowed words , you should use strictly established rules. If a dubious situation does not obey any of them, then one should turn to the reference literature, find a complicated case and try to memorize it.