"Who", "what" - what case? Cases and their questions

Quite often, when performing a morphological analysis, it is necessary to indicate the case of the word being analyzed. The case is one of the most complex categories that exists in the Russian language today, but it needs to be known in order to learn to understand the most complex issues and carry out the analysis competently.

Case in Russian

The inflectional category of the case usually indicates the relation of a noun or an adjective to other words in a sentence or phrase that it forms together with these words. At the moment there are only 6 cases in the Russian language: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental and prepositional.

Earlier in the Russian language, there were many more cases that were eventually abolished, as well as the dual number. Echoes of these phenomena in the Russian language can still be observed, some words were formed from the forms of the noun of nouns and adjectives.

Nominative and all-all-all

The noun in the nominative is opposed to all the others, since it has an independent grammatical position in the language, sometimes it is called the direct case. The remaining 6 cases are indirect, they are constantly dependent on other words and can express various syntactic relations to other word forms.

The cases are determined by questions. Answering the question "Who? What? - what case? ", You can immediately say that this is the genitive case, because it is he who answers these questions. Each case has its own questions, which it is convenient to use to determine the position of the word in speech.

How are the cases expressed?

You can determine the case not only for questions, but also for the endings. Some cases have practically fixed endings, which depend on gender, number and declension (for a noun). Thus, for words in the feminine gender, singular, nominative, 1 declensions will be actual endings of "a", "I".

If you are confronted with homonymy, you can try to define the case in a syntactical way (with the help of consistent words and prepositions or in order of words in the sentence). Other methods are also used, for example, the substitution technique is often used when the noun "fox" or "masha" is substituted for the existing word. To determine cases, it is also recommended to use both case questions.

Cases and their questions

Each case has certain questions. The nominative answers questions "who? What? ", The genitive case -" whom? " What? ", Dative -" to whom? " What? ", Accusative -" who? What? ", The instrumental" by whom? " What? ", Prepositional -" about whom? " about what?". These questions can be used to determine the cases of nouns and adjectives.

Some cases also have additional pretexts, by which one can determine the place the word occupies in the sentence, and how it should be disassembled. To determine the case, you can substitute additional constructions for the word to be defined, for example, for the genitive case, "no" (no one? What?), For the dative - "give", accusative - "blame", instrumental - "create", prepositional - I say. "

Forms of cases in Russian

The lexical meaning of cases is made up based on the role that they play in the sentence. If the case form is able to exist only with one word, it is called a word. If the case form applies immediately to the whole sentence, it is called determinant.

The determinant form is usually found at the beginning of the sentence, it is not included in the phrases, and sets the tone for the whole sentence. The question to it should be asked either from the basis of the whole statement, or from the whole sentence at once. It is quite easy to see it in a sentence, with this usually problems do not arise either among schoolchildren or students.

Common lexical meanings of cases

The meanings of the cases can be private and general, their allocation from the sentence plays a huge role for the syntax, with the help of which it is possible to further analyze the available sentences and determine their grammatical structure. Answering the question "Who? What? - what case? ", It is important to remember the two possible values.

The objective meaning of the case denotes how the object relates to the action that is directed at it. With the subject meaning of the case, the action is performed by the object itself, which expresses the attitude towards it. A definitive value can express the relation between several objects. With the help of circumstantial value, it is possible to determine the characteristic of the state of the object from the standpoint of circumstantial relations. Outside this category there is an informative-filling meaning that can require both words in combination to have the same case forms.

Particular meanings of cases: nominative

In addition to the basic meanings, cases can also have private ones, which can be clarified only by having information at the university level. At school, students are asked to determine the case only in its general meaning, sometimes because of this there are mistakes that even the teacher who has long forgotten the university program can not solve.

The nominative case is capable of possessing a central, objective, predicative, appositive, determinative, informative-replenishing and circumstantial meaning. There is also a nominative representation here, when the word in this case forms a topic for further continuation of the narrative.

Particular meanings of indirect cases: genitive

Hearing the question "Who? What? - what case? ", Very few people doubt that it is genitive. The particular meaning of the genitive is subdivided into the primitive and oblique, the semantics in this case is sufficiently clear, the first is characteristic of the combination of the rhythmical noun with the name, and the second is with the verb.

The genitive primate has a particular meaning of belonging, relationship, whole, quality evaluation, characteristic carrier, object. Also here there is an additional value of the subject of a state or action, and the presence of an informative-replicating value in the form of a partitive gender.

Genitive angry also answers the questions "Who? What? ", What is the case here, it will not be difficult to determine. It has the value of a direct object when referring to a substance or negation, as well as the value of expectation (with the appropriate verbs: ask, desire, seek, etc.).

Particular meanings of indirect cases: dative

The dative case has a breezy and primal private meanings. In the first case, we are talking about the meaning of a third-party object, to which a certain action indicated by the verb is directed. Also, the bridging dative can have a subjective meaning in impersonal sentences, when he calls a person experiencing a condition or performing an action.

The dative eponymous is rarely used in modern Russian and, in fact, repeats the lexical meaning of the dative case of the adjective. In some cases, it is able to have a determinative value, which has a tinge of purpose: fish food.

Private meanings of indirect cases: accusative

The accusative priimennyj in modern Russian practically does not meet, therefore the plain-tongued, signifying expression of object near to transitive verbs, or value of a measure, space, time basically is used.

Private meanings of indirect cases: instrumental

The instrumental case most often possesses the smoothed meaning of the instrument of action, subjective, content, and circumstantial significance. All of them somehow indicate the commission of an action. Informative-replenishing and creative-predicative meanings are sufficiently close to each other and are used with the verbs "to be considered, to be, to appear," etc. The instrumental priimennoe - a rarity in the language, it usually repeats the prompted values.

Particular meanings of indirect cases: prepositional

The prepositional case basically has curved object and circumstantial meanings, which are related either to the state, feelings, thoughts or speech, as well as places next to which the action will take place.

The prefabricated priimennyi is used rarely and has a similar briskogo meaning. Most often it is used for the values of the feature of the object, quality, and property, and is of a definitive nature.

Conclusion

The cases and their questions can help to determine not only the form of the word, but also its position within the sentence, which plays an important role in the conduct of morphological and syntactic analysis. If necessary, you can consult the reference literature, which will tell you which word should be assigned to this or that word.