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Non-finite forms of the verb in the English language: infinitive, gerund and participle
The non-finite forms of the verb in the English language are one of the broad themes, a detailed examination of which will take time.
General information
Non - finite forms of the verb (non finite verb forms) have a number of features:
- Imply an action, without indicating a person or number. For this reason, they can not be in the role of a predicate.
- They unite in themselves the characteristic features of the verb and of any other parts of speech.
- If time is expressed, then only with respect to a certain moment of action transmitted by the main verb. Personal forms, on the other hand, can express time in relation to the moment of speech.
Infinitive
One of the subspecies, which include non - finite forms of the verb in English, is an infinitive. It expresses only an action, not transferring a person or number. Answering the question: "What should I do?"
Formation of the infinitive
| Types of the infinitive | Example of education |
| Plain | She likes to write articles. She likes to write articles. |
| Continuous | She must be writing sometning. She must be writing something. |
| Perfect or perfect | She is happy to have written the book. She is happy that she wrote the book. |
| Perfect continuous | She must have been writing that article since 5 o'clock. She must have been writing this article since five o'clock. |
| Simple inf. In the passive voice | This message seems to be written in pencil. It seems that this message is written in pencil. |
| Continued inf. In the passive voice | That article must have been written by now. That article must have been written to the present moment. |
Gerund
In Russian there is no analog of this form. Gerundy expresses the name of the process or action and, thanks to its dual nature, combines the verbal features and functions of the noun. It is formed by adding the suffix -ing. In form coincides with the present participle (Participle 1).
- She was tired of rowing . "She's tired of rowing."
- Reading is her favorite amusement. - Reading is her favorite pastime.
- I have no objection to your seeing her. "I do not mind that you saw her."
- I want to make a good progress in understanding Spanish. - I want to achieve good results in understanding the Spanish language.
Participle
Despite the fact that the sacrament has a similar lexical meaning with the corresponding verb, it differs significantly from the personal form, as well as from the infinitive or gerund. The English form of Participle in Russian corresponds to participles and gerunds.
The formation of participles is as follows:
| Communion 1 (Present) | Communion 2 (Past) | |
| Correct verbs | Adding the suffix -ing to the base | To the basis of the word is added the ending -ed |
| Irregular Verbs | As in the case of regular verbs | The third column in the table irregulars |
Like the other non-finite forms of the verb in English, Participle includes the properties of the verb and other parts of speech.
The participle can have the characteristics of an adjective and fulfill the role of the definition in the sentence:
- She saw a broken plate on the table. She saw the broken plate on the table.
- He is the owner of a leading company. - He is the owner of the leading company.
Also, having the characteristics of an adverb, can act as a circumstance:
- She stayed at the window thinking . - She was thinking at the window.
Features of a combination of different verbs with non-personal forms
In addition to the rules of education and the use of various forms, there is still the most important side, which includes the grammar of the English language. Non-finite forms, such as the infinitive and gerund, have some peculiarities of combination with verbs. A certain group of words can be combined only with an infinitive, the other with a gerund.
Lexical units, after which only gerunds are used:
- Admit - to recognize, admit, admit, allow;
- Adore - to worship, adore;
- Avoid - avoid, evade, shun;
- Can not stand,
- Delay - delay, slow down;
- Deny - deny, reject, deny;
- Discuss - discuss, discuss;
- Escape - to escape, to escape;
- Fancy - to imagine, like, love;
- Finish - finish, finish;
- Imagine - imagine, imagine;
- Involve - embrace, involve;
- Mention - to mention, to mention;
- Postpone - give a respite;
- Practice - apply, practice;
- Quit - to leave, to cease;
- Recall - recall, play in memory;
- Resent - resent, express indignation;
- Resist - counteract;
- Risk - take risks, dare;
- Understand - comprehend.
Words after which the infinitive is used exclusively:
- Afford - to have the opportunity;
- Allow - allow (something by oversight), allow, recognize;
- Agree - agree, match;
- Aim - to set one's goal, to strive;
- Arrange - organize, classify;
- Attempt - attempt;
- Ask - inquire, ask;
- Decide - to decide, to make a decision;
- Deserve - to be worthy, deserving;
- Expect - to anticipate, plan, expect;
- Fail - not to succeed, not to live up to expectations;
- Guarantee - to give a guarantee, to be entrusted;
- Hope - to express hope, anticipate;
- Learn - learn, discover;
- Manage - to be brought, to cope with;
- Offer - to offer;
- Prepare - prepare, prepare;
- Pretend - pretend play;
- Promise - to make a promise, to commit;
- Refuse to reject;
- Tend - to be in the habit;
- Threaten - threaten, portend (in a negative sense);
- Take responsibility.
Non-finite forms of the verb in the English language - a topic that includes many nuances and requires detailed consideration and consolidation of theoretical material in practice.
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