Type 2 diabetes: treatment. Modern treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus

One of the most famous pathologies affecting the endocrine system is diabetes mellitus. The disease occurs as a result of the weak activity of the hormone of the pancreas. If it is not produced at all, the first type is diagnosed, in all other cases the second type is diagnosed. Degrees of diabetes differ in the level of dependence of the patient on insulin.

Why do people suffer from type 2 diabetes?

Until quite recently, as almost every case history shows, type 2 diabetes was an ailment of elderly people. Most often it developed in patients whose age exceeded forty years. To date, even adolescents can be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Treatment of the disease is always determined individually and depends on the patient's anamnesis. However, in all people there is a persistent violation of carbohydrate metabolism with the development of insulin receptor dysfunction.

Causes of Diabetes:

1. Genetic (hereditary) predisposition.
2. Obesity caused by a sedentary lifestyle and overeating.
3. Bad habits.
4. The presence of other ailments of the endocrine system (hypo-, hyperfunction of the thyroid gland, pathology of the pituitary gland, adrenal cortex).
5. Complication after serious pancreatic diseases (pancreatitis, cancer).
6. Arterial hypertension.
7. Systematic overeating, unbalanced diet.

Risk groups

Causes of diabetes, provoking the development of the disease, can be expanded by some additional factors. So, the risk group includes people whose age exceeds forty years. In addition, if there is a genetic predisposition, such conditions as severe infection, trauma, surgery, pregnancy, severe stress and prolonged use of certain medications can "push" the development of the disease.

Diagnosis and insulin dependence

Diabetes mellitus is not manifested by obvious symptoms and is often found in the laboratory biochemical analysis of blood or urine. The disease progresses very slowly, but can lead to complications, which will be described below.

If a person is already affected by such a disease as type 2 diabetes, whose treatment and diagnostics have not even been carried out, his body still continues to produce insulin. The synthesis of the hormone can be sufficient, the main problem is that the receptor cells do not show sensitivity to it.

The indication for switching to artificial insulin is not the level of sugar in the blood, but other criteria. When aggressive, long-term development of the disease comes complete depletion of beta cells that are in the pancreas. When they are almost completely atrophied, a synthetic hormone is introduced into the treatment regimen.

If type 2 diabetes is diagnosed, treatment with switching to insulin is often unreasonable. The patient must necessarily undergo a full range of special studies in order to reliably determine the level of hormone production and the response to it of beta-cells.

Insulin, when a second type of diabetes is diagnosed, is prescribed in extreme cases, that is, with complete depletion of cells.

Regardless of whether insulin is prescribed or not, careful monitoring of blood sugar is important. However, it is impossible to take laboratory tests several times a day. To help come portable glucometers, for example, OneTouch Select - it's compact, it's easy to take with you and check the glucose level where necessary. It facilitates checking the interface in Russian, marks before and after meals. The device is extremely simple to use, while it is characterized by measurement accuracy. Using a portable glucometer, you can keep the ailment under control.

Symptoms of the disease

The organism does not give the expressed symptomatology, however to understand, that the following states help under the threat:

• Practically constant, expressed thirst;
• Severe hunger even after eating;
• Constant dry mouth;
• Frequent urination;
• Fatigue, fatigue, weakness;
• headache;
• Blurred vision;
• Unexplained weight fluctuations in the direction of decrease or increase.

If a person often feels such conditions, it is better to have a checkup for the first or second type of diabetes. If an ailment is detected at an early stage, it will be possible to avoid the development of complications.

Rarely the following symptoms:

• Slowly healing cuts and wounds;
• Itching, especially in the groin;
• A sharp, unreasonable increase in body weight;
• Frequent fungal lesions;
• Dark spots in the groin, armpits, on the neck (acanthokeratoderma);
• Tingling and numbness in the limbs;
• Decreased libido.

Treatment

Modern diagnostics, which allow to identify failures of carbohydrate metabolism, helps to establish the causes of insulin-independent diabetes. Based on this, an effective treatment is prescribed, presupposing the selection of drugs that reduce the level of glucose based on the causes that caused the violation. Also, the therapy of diseases, which served as a factor in the development of the disease, is being carried out, and complications are being eliminated. An important role is played by preventive screening and regular visits to the endocrinologist.

Medication

If monotherapy, consisting of strict dietary nutrition, is ineffective, it is often necessary to prescribe special drugs that reduce the level of sugar. Some modern pharmacological agents (appointed solely by the treating physician after setting the causes of the destabilization of carbohydrate metabolism) do not exclude the consumption of carbohydrates. This helps to prevent the occurrence of hypoglycemic conditions. The choice of a specific medication and the formation of a treatment regimen is carried out taking into account the history and individual characteristics of the patient. You can not take medicine for diabetes on the advice of another patient to whom it helped, or simply yourself, otherwise you can cause irreparable harm to your body.

Pharmacological agents used for treatment (all groups of these drugs are completely contraindicated in pregnancy and in the event that a woman feeds the baby with breast milk):

1. Diabetes medication belonging to the sulfonylurea group, for example, preparations "Amaril", "Gljurenorm", "Maninil", "Diabeton".
2. Relatively innovative means that restore the sensitivity of cells to insulin (medications "Avandia", "Rosiglitazone", "Actos", "Pioglitazone").
3. The drug "Siafor" and its analogues, biguanide metformin.
4. Combined medicines such as Glybomet, Metaglip, Glucovans.
5. Drugs that regulate the level of sugar after eating or, in other words, the clay.
6. Medications that slow down the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestines and their subsequent digestion, for example, preparations "Miglitol", "Dibicor", "Acarbose".
7. Dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors (standard antidiabetics).

Innovative drugs and treatment

Medicines of the group of liraglutids are the only one of its kind. The principle of action is based on the imitation of the activity of the natural hormone GPL-1, which provides an innovative approach to the treatment of the disease at an early stage.

Finally it is worth noting that the international criterion for the effectiveness of treatment of the disease is the indicator of the level of glycated hemoglobin.

The main goals of therapy

1. Stimulation of normal synthesis of natural insulin.
2. Correction of the amount of lipids contained in the blood.
3. Reducing the rate of absorption of glucose into the blood from the intestine, reducing its digestibility.
4. Increase the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to the hormone.

Physiotherapy

Patients often display the same physical activity. It can be easy running, cycling, swimming, walking, walking. The mode and level of complexity of exercises is established by the physician, relying on the individual characteristics of the person.

Treatment and prevention of complications

An important factor in preventing complications is the control of blood pressure. The diagnosis automatically transfers patients to a group of high risk, even with a low increase in its level. If a person suffers from hypertension, this is comparable to the presence of three additional risk factors. This is a violation of fat (lipid) blood composition (dyslipidemia), obesity and smoking.

Adequate measures repeatedly reduce mortality, reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, prevent the progression of renal failure at different stages of development. Therapy aimed at reducing blood pressure should be conducted quite aggressively, even in those patients who have mild hypertension. This is a necessity that protects the kidneys and a good general condition.

If possible, should avoid the appointment of medications that worsen the sensitivity of tissues to insulin. Diabetes adversely affects fat metabolism and blood glucose levels, so these drugs should also be excluded.

People with type 2 diabetes often have to prescribe a combination of antihypertensive drugs. It is advisable to start such treatment at a pressure level up to 140/90 mm / Hg. Art. If the doctor does not manage to lower the pressure by optimizing the way of life, such therapy begins at a level of 130/80 mm / Hg. Art.

Doctors say that it is often necessary to correct violations of fat metabolism. Admission of drugs that control the fat composition of blood, reduces mortality by 37-48%.

Treatment of diabetic neuropathy

A similar complication affects 75% of patients who have diabetes for several years. As a rule, peripheral nerves suffer and sensitivity to changes in temperature decreases, tingling, numbness, burning of extremities occur. This lesion is the main risk factor leading to the formation of the "diabetic foot" syndrome. In the absence of therapy, the outcome is an amputation of the leg.

The question of the treatment of neuropathy is separate. In addition to the main ones, drugs that act on the oxidative damage of the cells are prescribed, which protect the vessels and nerves that prevent the progression of atherosclerosis. Such drugs have a hepatoprotective effect, that is, they protect the liver.

Tea for diabetics

Official medicine rarely recognizes the effectiveness of traditional methods of treatment. However, tea from diabetes is already recognized in the scientific community as a useful drink that helps patients achieve healing.

This is a special type, which is called "Monastic tea". According to official research, patients after using it feel easy, a burst of energy, a charge of energy, which is due to the restoration of metabolism and the normalization of the functions of the cells of the body.

Tea therapy, acting with the help of antioxidants and active ingredients, affects the receptors of cells, stabilizing their efficiency and regeneration. Due to this effect, diseased cells become healthy and the whole organism is involved in the recovery process.

Find "Monastic tea" is possible only in one place - in the holy monastery in Belarus. Monks were able to create a unique mixture of powerful and rare herbs. The drink has already proved its effectiveness in the scientific environment, type 2 diabetes, whose treatment is based on these herbs, goes away in two weeks, which is fully confirmed by the research. It is recommended to the patient to adhere to the instructions, which are in the technique of tea therapy.

Scientific researches and "Monastery tea"

Diabetes mellitus type 2, which was treated according to the methods of traditional medicine, often progressed, which was the reason for the extremely negative reaction of doctors. However, with regard to tea, opinions were reversed in a diametrically opposite direction.

To identify all the properties of the drink, scientists conducted thirty-day studies, in which a group of volunteers participated. After 27 people with this disease were treated, the following results were revealed:

1. In 89% of patients, a sharp decrease in blood sugar was detected . The age of the group varied from 25 to 69 years.
2. 27 volunteers showed stable cell regeneration.
3. Significant improvement in mood and well-being has been established.
4. In the body, metabolic processes were significantly improved.
5. Tea from diabetes increased libido in men.

Principles of nutrition, or monotherapy

Nutrition of people with a similar diagnosis should be subject to a fractional scheme. You should arrange 5-6 meals a day. The diet for diabetes is predominantly a subcaloric food, at a rate of 25 kcal per kg of body weight.

The patient should exclude digestible carbohydrates, replenishing the diet with foods rich in fiber.

Benefits of fiber for diabetics

Fiber is indicated for use in case of failure of carbohydrate metabolism. Vegetable cellulose reduces the absorption of glucose in the intestines, which also reduces its concentration in the blood. Products containing this vegetable fiber, remove accumulated toxins, absorb excess fluid. It will be especially useful to those people who have obesity in addition to diabetes. While swelling in the digestive tract, the fiber causes satiety and helps to reduce the calorie content of food without the occurrence of an intolerable feeling of hunger.

The maximum effect can be achieved by taking fiber in food together with complex carbohydrates. The menu should be limited to the content of potatoes, before the heat treatment of its tubers is better to soak. Light carbohydrates are found in beets, carrots, peas, which can be taken once a day. Without restriction dietary diet allows you to supplement the diet with squash, cucumber, zucchini, sorrel, cabbage, eggplant, pumpkin, lettuce, bell pepper, kohlrabi. The use of fruits and berries of unsweetened varieties is shown. Alertness should be shown to bananas, figs, persimmons.

Bakery products should also be presented in small quantities. It is better to give preference to bread with bran. Even cereal and grain products are chosen based on the fiber content. It is acceptable to use pearl barley, buckwheat, oatmeal, corn groats. Diabetes always contains these cereals.

Basic principles of monotherapy

1. Substantial restriction of the content of table salt in food.
2. Half of the consumed fats are fats of vegetable origin.
3. Products must be saturated with mineral components and vitamins.
4. In a day it is permissible to consume 30 ml of alcohol, not more.
5. To give up smoking.
6. Prohibition of strong broths, fatty fish, meat, cheeses, butter, sausage, pickles and marinades, mango, rice.
7. Unacceptably frequent use of ice cream, confectionery, sugar, carbonated drinks, sweet juices, jam.

Bread units

Bread unit is the equivalent of 10 grams of sugar and 25 grams of bread. A similar principle was created specifically to facilitate the formation of menus to people suffering from this ailment. Special tables have been developed that significantly facilitate the calculation of carbohydrates. Most often the technique is used if the disease is related to the first type of diabetes, but it is also necessary for patients with excessive body weight.

The role of nutrition in the life of a diabetic

The question of what to eat with diabetes, worries many patients. It should be borne in mind that even when this disease is identified, carbohydrates are an integral part of nutrition. The diet should be complete, consisting of all substances of vital importance. When the body absorbs carbohydrates, the synthesis and accumulation of energy. Therefore, half the food should consist of complex, slow carbohydrates, which gradually increase the level of glucose.

In order to correctly formulate prescriptions for type 2 diabetes, you should familiarize yourself with the index (glycemic) of foods in comparison with the parameter of pure glucose equal to 100.

About 20% of the diet should be proteins of animal and vegetable origin. However, it is necessary to avoid excessive amounts of animal proteins, which will have a beneficial effect on the work of the kidneys and liver. A sufficient level can be obtained from beans.

Recipes for diabetes are developed with a limited fat content, but they are not completely excluded. It should be borne in mind that they are contained in eggs, nuts, fish, meat. Such a calculation with time will become a habit and will not be so tiring.

Conclusion

Type 2 diabetes mellitus, the treatment of which is carried out under strict medical supervision, recedes, but does not cure completely. To feel the full quality of life and good health, you should adhere to the principles of rational nutrition and monitor the course of the disease with a regular visit to the endocrinologist.

People who have diabetes diagnosed should be prepared for the fact that life will be under strict control. This primarily applies to eating habits and lifestyle. Although the disease that belongs to the second type is not as heavy as the first, it requires a person to be disciplined and will-free.

If you do not follow medical recommendations, type II can easily go to I, which significantly worsens the quality of life. Therefore, do not neglect your own health, it is so easy to lose.