EducationSecondary education and schools

The title of the monarch: prince, tsar, emperor, king, vizier

Who is a monarch, what are his functions? All states at a certain time passed such a form of political government as a monarchy. It is one of the most manifested individual forms of government. The power in the state under her belongs to the monarch, that is, the unanimous ruler - the emperor, the king, the prince, the vizier or the king. Moreover, this is not an elective "post." The monarchy presupposes a hereditary, determined by custom, transfer of power. If the monarch does not have children, this can lead to political quarrels among high-ranking individuals.

Monarchy

True adherents of the monarchy believe that power is bestowed on God by the monarch. At the same time he receives grace from above. Based on the above, we can conclude who is a monarch.

  • The monarch is the head of the state, having lifelong rights and powers.
  • The inheritance of power - the title of a monarch - is determined by law.
  • The monarch is the head of the nation or the people of his country.
  • The monarch has legal independence and inviolability.

Types of the earliest monarchies

The earliest, the first in the history of mankind - the ancient Eastern monarchy, where a significant role played patriarchal way of life and belonging slaves. At this type of government, state slaves belonged entirely to the monarch. This organization of power is known in the countries of the Ancient East as an eastern despotism.

Medieval or feudal monarchy appeared after the fall of the Roman Empire. The result was the birth of a number of kingdoms, called barbarian: Westgate, Frankish, Ostrogoth, Anglo-Saxon and others. In them there are constant quarrels, strife between vassals and their king, bearing the title of monarch. There is a constant challenge to the right to the throne. If before the VII - VIII century the king was appointed by election, then the kings themselves began to appoint themselves receivers, that is, their sons.

Titles of the Russian Empire

Early feudal monarchy appeared in the IX - X centuries. Kievan Rus, according to the evidence of historians, belonged to this type of government. At this time, feudal land ownership is being formed. Common lands are captured by boyars and princes. Princes under the authority of the prince are obliged to pay him a natural rent. That is, in the early feudal monarchy, the head of state was a prince, endowed with the title of monarch. He relied on his military strength - the squad, and then on the council of elders. The Grand Duke was given the role of overlord for other petty princes. There were Smolensk, Novgorod, Tver princes. The throne of Kiev was considered prestigious, and its princes of the Rurik dynasty, recognized by the rest of the princes as senior in the throne, occupied it.

The early feudal monarchy had its own unique features. Power was transferred in the order of inheritance from father to son without any legislative act - at the level of custom. Whatever actions the monarch performed, he did not bear any legal responsibility for them. In the state there were no institutions of power, authority and status of the council under the prince (king).

In 1472, the niece of the Byzantine emperor married the Grand Duke of Moscow, Ivan III, who put forward the idea of continuity of the Byzantine Empire. And in 1480, when the dependence of the Moscow state on the Mongols ended, Ivan III began to use the term emperor and dictator - the autocrat, that is, possessing power independent of the Golden Horde. In fact, Ivan III declared himself Russian emperor. Subsequently, the monarchs of the Russian throne called themselves kings.

The Epoch of Peter the Great

With the coming to power of Peter the Great, innovations and changes began. In 1721 Peter the Great reintroduced the title "emperor" instead of the title "king", according to European traditions. He becomes a Russian emperor. And it was necessary to address Peter the First only as "Your Imperial Majesty". Russia became known as the Russian Empire.

During the reign of Peter the Great in the environment of the nobility, there were three titles: the prince, the earl and the baron, who complained only of the monarch, and only descendants in the male line. Daughters after marriage lost their title, passing into the clan of the husband.

The title "emperor" among Russian monarchs was used until 1917. The last emperor in Russia was the deposed Nicholas II.

About the monarchs of the Principality of Monaco

For example, the modern public is still interested in the history of the ups and downs of Monaco. The uniqueness of government in this country is conditioned by the fact that with the coming to power of the Grimaldi clan and the formation of the monastic monarchy in 1215, the dynasty for 700 years did not change once. The oldest state for many years was under the protectorate of France, which recognized this state as free and sovereign. In 1860 the protectorate ended. In 1911 the prince of Monaco approved the constitution of the principality. In it, the monarch retained great powers and with an elected vote by the National Council, shared the legislative power.

Before the First World War, the independence of the country was in question, but Louis II, ruling at that time, held power and his grandson Rainier III, who ascended to the throne in 1949, did a great deal for the development of the country. The development of science, industry, sport, culture is all his merits. Together with his wife, the popular American actress Grace Kelly, the prince changed the appearance of Monaco. The wife was engaged in charity and culture.

Crown Prince Albert

In marriage, Prince Rainier III with Grace Kelly gave birth to three children. After the tragic death of his wife in 1982, Prince Rainier III ruled the country, so the second time he did not marry. To the merits of the ruling prince it is necessary to include the inclusion in the constitution of the principality of the point that the throne can be inherited only by the legitimate heirs of the son. He simply knew about the rampant life of his offspring and had little faith that he would marry. After the death of his father in 2005, Prince Albert II (born 1958) came to power, the second child in the family. The eldest is Princess Caroline (born 1957), the youngest is Princess Stephanie (born 1965).

Prince of Monaco Prince Albert II - in the past a participant in the Olympic Games, an athlete, a mountaineer. He married in 2011 to Charlene Whittstock, swimmer, a school teacher from South Africa. In 2014, twins appeared: the girl Gabriella and the boy Jacques. He will become a hereditary prince and will inherit the throne of his father. In the history of the principality of the Grimald family, these are the first twins.

History does not hide the fact that Prince Albert II had two illegitimate children with his girlfriends, but they can not claim the throne. According to the laws of Monaco, if the ruling prince had no children, the power would pass to the elder sister, Caroline, after leaving his life. But the children appeared.

Ottoman Empire

Uneasy rule was in the Ottoman Empire. The fact that the title of monarch was with the Sultan, no doubt. Depending on who came to power, so did the Ottoman Empire. There were ups and downs. There was a strong army and a weak army. Coming to power, the next sultan eliminated from his entourage all those who could claim a comprehensive power. Both brothers and concubines were killed. Spared no one.

Indicative period was the reign of Mehmed IV. At that time, a strong ruling of the family dynasty of Albanians - Kepryulyu - was tested. Mehmed IV handed over the administration of his empire to Mehmed Kepryul, who can be attributed to the galaxy of great overseers of the Ottoman Empire. Since the XVII century, the center of the administration of the empire was not the Sultan's palace, but the palace of the great vizier.

Mehmed Keprulu

A tough, unyielding will dictator Mehmed Kepryulyu cleared the entourage of the Sultan from officials who represented a threat to the empire. He introduced strict discipline in the army, brought order to the ports and islands of the Aegean Sea. He did a lot to defend the borders against the Cossacks behind the Black Sea. Since 1661, the 26-year-old son of Mehmed Kepljulu has replaced his deceased father as Grand Vizier and ruled the empire for the next 15 years.

Dying, the old Kepryulya bequeathed to the 20-year-old Sultan four principles of government:

  • Not follow the advice of women;
  • Not to allow the subjects to become too rich;
  • To have a full treasury;
  • Be always in the saddle, that is, keep the army in action.

Only truly great viziers of the Ottoman Empire could so wisely help govern the state of the Sultan.

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