The Far East of Russia. Cities of the Russian Far East (list)

The territory of the Russian Far East is a geographic area that includes areas in river basins that flow into the Pacific Ocean. This includes the Kurile, Shantar and Commander Islands, the islands of Sakhalin and Wrangel. This part of the Russian Federation, as well as some cities of the Far East of Russia, will be described in detail later (the list of the largest will be given in the text).

Population

The territory of the Far East of Russia is considered the most depopulating in the country. Here live about 6.3 million people. This accounts for approximately 5% of the total Russian population. During 1991-2010, the number of residents decreased by 1.8 million. Regarding the population growth rate in the Far East, it is -3.9 in the Primorsky Territory, 1.8 in the Sakha Republic, 0.7 in the EAO, 1.3 in the Khabarovsk Territory, 7.8 in the Sakhalin Island, 17.3 in the Magadan Region, and the Amur Region. - 6, Kamchatka Territory - 6.2, in Chukotka - 14.9. If the current trends persist, Chukotka will be left without a population in 66 years, and Magadan - after 57 years.

Subjects

The Far East of Russia covers an area of 6169.3 thousand kilometers. This is about 36% of the whole country. Often the Trans-Baikal region is referred to the Far East. This is due to its geographical location, as well as the activity of migration. The following regions of the Far East are administratively distinguished: the Amur, Magadan, Sakhalin, Jewish Autonomous Regions, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk Territories. The DFO also includes the Primorsky Territory, the Chukotka Autonomous District.

History of the Far East of Russia

In the 1-2 millennium BC Priamurye inhabited various tribes. The peoples of the Russian Far East today are not as diverse as it was in those days. The population then consisted of daur, Udege, Nivkh, Evenki, Nanaian, Oroch, etc. The main occupations of the population were fishing and hunting. The most ancient settlements of Primorye, which date back to the Paleolithic period, were discovered near the Nakhodka district. In the Stone Age in the territory of Kamchatka, the Itelmens, the Ainu and the Koryak settled. By the middle of the XIX century here began to appear Evenks. In the XVII century, the Russian government began to expand Siberia and the Far East. 1632 was the year of foundation of Yakutsk. Under the leadership of the Cossack Semen Shelkovnikov on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, a winter haven was organized in 1647. Today on this place there is a Russian port - Okhotsk. The development of the Russian Far East continued. Thus, by the middle of the 17th century, the explorers Khabarov and Poyarkov left to the south from the Yakut prison. On the Amur and Zeya rivers, they encountered tribes that paid tribute to the Chinese empire Qing. As a result of the first conflict between the countries, the Nerchinsk Treaty was signed. In accordance with it, the Cossacks needed to transfer the Ch'ing Empire to the regions formed on the lands of the Albazinsky Province. In accordance with the agreement, diplomatic and trade relations were determined. The boundary under the agreement was held in the north along the river. Gorbitza and the mountain ranges of the Amur basin. Uncertainty remained along the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. Unrestricted were the territories between the ridges of the Taikansky and Kivun. By the end of the 17th century, the Russian Cossacks Kozyrevsky and Atlasov had begun research into Kamchatka Peninsula. In the first half of the 18th century it was incorporated into Russia.

XVIII century

In 1724, on the peninsula of Kamchatka, Peter I sent the first expedition. It was headed by Vitus Bering. Thanks to the work of researchers, Russian science received valuable information about the eastern part of Siberia. This, in particular, is about modern Magadan and Kamchatka regions. New maps appeared, the coordinates of the Far East coast and the strait were accurately determined, which was later called the Bering. In 1730 the second expedition was created. It was led by Chirikov and Bering. The mission of the expedition was to reach the coast of America. Interest, in particular, represented Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. Studies of Kamchatka in the XVIII century began to engage Chichagov, Steller, Krasheninnikov.

XIX century

During this period, the active development of the Russian Far East began. This was largely contributed to the weakening of the Qing Empire. In 1840 she was dragged into 1 opium war. Military operations against the combined army of France and England in the areas of Guangzhou and Macau required great material and human resources. In the north, China remained virtually without any cover, and this is what Russia used. It, along with other European powers, participated in the division of the weakening Qing Empire. In 1850 Lieutenant Nevelskoy landed at the mouth of the Amur River. There he founded a military post. Convinced that the Qing government has not recovered from the consequences of the opium war and is connected in its actions with the Taiping uprising, and therefore can not give an adequate answer to Russia's claims, Nevelskoy decides to declare the coast of the Tatar Prospect and the mouth of the Amur as domestic possessions. In 1854, on May 14, Earl Muravyov, who had the data obtained from Nevelskoy, about the absence of military units of China, organized rafting along the river. The expedition included the steamer Argun, 29 rafts, 48 boats and about 800 people. During the rafting, ammunition, troops and food were delivered. Part of the military went to Kamchatka by sea to strengthen the Petropavlovsk garrison. The rest remained for realization on the former Chinese territory of the plan of research of Priamurye. A year later the second rafting was organized. About 2.5 thousand people took part in it. By the end of 1855, several settlements were organized in the lower reaches of the Amur: Sergeevskoe, Novo-Mikhailovskoe, Bogorodskoe, Irkutsk. In 1858, officially the right bank was annexed to Russia in accordance with the Treaty of Aigun. In general, it should be said that Russia's policy in the Far East was not aggressive. Agreements were signed with other states without the use of military force.

Physiographic location

The Far East of Russia in the extreme south borders with the DPRK, in the southeast with Japan. In the extreme north-east in the Bering Strait - with the United States. Another state that borders the Far East (Russia) is China. In addition to administrative, there is another division of the Far Eastern Federal District. Thus, the so-called regions of the Far East of Russia are singled out. These are large enough zones. North-Eastern Siberia, the first of them, roughly corresponds to the eastern part of Yakutia (mountain areas to the eastern direction from Aldan and Lena). The North-Pacific region is the second zone. It includes the eastern parts of the Magadan Region, the Chukotka Autonomous District, and the northern parts of the Khabarovsk Territory. Kuril Islands and Kamchatka belong to it. The structure of the Amuro-Sakhalin country includes the EAO, the Amur Region, the southern part of the Khabarovsk Territory. It is also referred to as Sakhalin Island and Primorye Territory. In Central and Southern Siberia is Yakutia, except its eastern part.

Climate

Here it is necessary to say that the Russian Far East has a fairly large extent. This explains the special contrast of the climate. In all of Yakutia and in the Kolyma regions of the Magadan Region, for example, a sharply continental prevails. And in the southeast - the monsoon type of climate. This difference is determined by the interaction of sea and continental air masses in temperate latitudes. The south is characterized by a sharply monsoon climate, both marine and monsoon-like for the north. This is the result of land interaction between North Asia and the Pacific. The Okhotsk Sea, as well as the Primorsk cold current along the coast of the Sea of Japan, have a particular impact on the climate. Important role in this zone has a mountainous terrain. In the continental part of the Far Eastern Federal District, winters are scarlet and frosty.

Weather Features

Summer here is quite hot, but relatively short. As for coastal areas, here winter is snowy and mild, spring is cold and long, warm and long autumn and relatively cool summer. On the coast are frequent cyclones, fogs, typhoons and torrential long rains. The height of the fallen snow on Kamchatka can reach six meters. The closer to the southern regions, the higher the humidity of the air. So, in the south of Primorye, it is often set at around 90%. Almost throughout the Far East in the summer there are long rains. This, in turn, causes systematic flooding of rivers, flooding of agricultural lands and residential buildings. In the Far East, there are long periods with sunny and clear weather. In this case, it is quite common for continuous rains to last for several days. Such a variety of the Far East of Russia differs from the "gray" European part of Russia. In the central part of the DFO there are also dust storms. They come from the deserts of Northern China and Mongolia. A significant part of the Far East is equivalent to or is the Far North (except for the EAO, the south of the Amur Region, Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories).

Natural resources

In the Far East, stocks of raw materials are quite large. This allows him to be at the leading places in the Russian economy in a number of positions. For example, 98% of diamonds, 80% of tin, 90% of boron raw materials, 14% of tungsten, 50% of gold, more than 40% of seafood and fish, 80% of soybeans, 7% pulp, 13% of timber belong to the Far East in all-Russian production. Among the main branches of the DFO, mention should be made of the extraction and processing of non-ferrous metals, pulp and paper, fish, timber, ship repair and shipbuilding.

Branches

In the Far East, the main income is brought by the forestry, fishing industry, extraction of minerals, and non-ferrous metal. These branches account for more than half of all marketable products. Weakly developed are the processing spheres of activity. When exporting raw materials, the region incurs losses in the form of added value. Remoteness of the Far Eastern Federal District causes significant transport margins. They are reflected in the value indicators of many economic branches.

Mineral resources

According to their reserves, the Far East occupies a leading position in the Russian Federation. By volume, the tin, boron, and antimony available here make up about 95% of the total amount of these resources in the country. Fluorspar and mercury account for about 60%, tungsten - 24%, iron ore, apatite, native sulfur and lead - 10%. In the Sakha Republic, in its northwestern part, there is a diamond-bearing province, the largest in the world. The deposits "Aikhal", "Mir", "Udachnoye" account for more than 80% of the total volume of diamond reserves in Russia. The confirmed reserves of iron ore in the south of Yakutia are more than 4 billion tons. This is about 80% of the regional volume. These stocks are also significant in the Jewish Autonomous Region. In the South Yakut and Lena basins there are large deposits of coal. Its deposits are also present in Khabarovsk, Primorsky Krai, the Amur Region. Alluvial and ore deposits of gold are discovered and developed in the Republic of Sakha and in the Magadan Region. Similar deposits were found in the Khabarovsk and Primorye Territories. In these same areas, the development of deposits of tungsten and tin ores. Lead and zinc reserves are concentrated mainly in Primorsky Krai. In the Khabarovsk Territory and the Amur Region, a titanium-bearing province has been identified. In addition to the above, there are also deposits of non-metallic raw materials. This, in particular, reserves of limestone, refractory clay, graphite, sulfur, quartz sands.

Geostrategic position

The DFO has the most important geopolitical significance for the Russian Federation. There is an outlet to the two oceans: the Arctic and the Pacific. Given the high pace of development of the Asia-Pacific Region, integration in the Far Eastern Federal District is very promising for the fatherland. With a reasonable conduct of activities, DV can become a "bridge" in the APR.

Cities of the Far East of Russia: List

Major cities are Vladivostok, Khabarovsk. These cities of the Russian Far East have great economic and geostrategic importance for the Russian Federation. Very promising are Blagoveshchensk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Nakhodka, Ussuriysk. Of particular importance for the whole region is Yakutsk. It should be noted that there are also endangered settlements. Most of them are in Chukotka. This is mainly due to inaccessibility of areas and severe weather conditions.