The car: how it works, the principle of operation, characteristics and schemes. How the muffler of the car is arranged

Since the creation of the first car on gasoline fuel, which happened more than a hundred years ago, nothing has changed in its main parts. The design was modernized and improved. However, the car was arranged as it was, and so it remained. Consider its general construction and the arrangement of some individual units and assemblies.

general characteristics

All cars consist of three parts:

• Engine;
• chassis;
• Bodywork.

Many people call the engine the heart of the car. It contains a source of energy, which drives the whole mechanism into motion. Below we learn how the engine of the car is arranged. Let's note, that the most widespread for today remain internal combustion engines (ICE). But more and more often motorists try and drive on alternative variants: hybrid and less often electric.

The body of the car happens with a frame and without it. On modern machines, the units are attached directly to the body, so it is called the carrier.

The chassis consists of many systems and mechanisms, through which:

• The torque from the motor is transmitted to the wheels (transmission);
• The car is moving (undercarriage) ;
• Controlled (control mechanism).

Transmission

Understand how the cars are arranged, without considering the transmission is impossible. Passing the torque to the wheels, the mechanism allows you to change its direction and magnitude. In a two-axle vehicle with a motor located in front and a drive on the rear wheels, the following are usually included:

• clutch;
• Transmission;
• Main and gimbal transmission ;
• Axle and differential.

Let's start with how the car's clutch is arranged . The mechanism transmits the torque to the gearbox, easily and briefly connects and disconnects with other transmission mechanisms. The clutch includes a flywheel, driven and driving wheels.

The transmission is recognized to convert torque. Due to its work, the car moves forward or backward, and the motor is disconnected from the driving wheels. Transmissions are:

• Mechanical;
• Automatic;
• Robotized;
• Stepless.

Chassis

As noted above, the body can be load-bearing or with a frame. In addition, the undercarriage includes bridges (front and rear), suspension (shock absorbers and springs), tires and wheels.

The body is designed to accommodate passengers. There are many types of bodywork, but the most common - a sedan, a car, a hatchback, a limousine, a convertible and others.

To the body was really strong, its individual elements must be made of iron. Other sections can be made from a profile sheet.

From the suspension depends on how easy it will be to carry unevenness on the road car. How the element works depends on its type. Pendants are dependent and independent. The vehicles with the first type of suspension have rear wheels, which are connected by a special beam. If there are no beams, then the suspension is independent.

Control

This mechanism consists of:

• Steering;
• Braking system.

Thanks to him, the direction and speed during the movement can vary. Also, the car stops or is held in place.

The steering consists of the elements by which the steering wheel turns over the commands to the other mechanisms that enter the car. As each of them is arranged, we will not consider. We only note that it enters the system:

• steering column;
• steering gear;
• Rotary levers;
• Connecting rods.

It is difficult to overestimate the value of the braking system. It's no wonder that its design is thought out in such a way that the brakes could not be completely denied if a car collides with any malfunctions. How the mechanism works is easy to understand.

The brake system consists at least of the working part, which is activated by depressing the brake pedal, as well as the parking brake, controlled by the lever located between the front seats.

Engine

The main elements of the motor are:

• A block of cylinders (inside which channels for cooling and lubrication are located);
• A piston (a metal beaker from grooves for piston rings);
• Piston rings (upper - compression, and lower - oil-removable);
• A crank-and-rod mechanism that transfers energy to the crankshaft.

Considering how cars are constructed, it is impossible not to touch on the principle of the ICE. It is based on the ignition of fuel in a confined space. In this case, a lot of energy is released, heating the gas in the installed cylinders, increasing the pressure and driving the piston into motion.

In order for the process to be constant, the fuel-air mixture must regularly flow into the combustion chamber. Then the piston makes the crankshaft move, and the one - the wheels of the car. Most motors are four-stroke. This name they received, because each cycle is divided into four equal parts.

The engine becomes very hot during operation. Therefore, an extremely important cooling system for the motor is provided, which includes a radiator that serves to divert heat from the liquid in the cooling system.

How is the car radiator arranged? The structure includes a core, which is a cooling part, lower and upper boxes with special nozzles. Usually it is in front of the hood. Passing through the oncoming air, it takes out excess heat directly into the atmosphere.

Exhaust system

At work the car makes noise and emits toxic gases. To reduce these factors is the exhaust system. It consists of:

• The collector;
• Catalyst;
• Resonator;
• The silencer.

All components of the system are very important. The catalyst, for example, serves to reduce the emission of harmful substances. But the most attention is usually paid to the silencer. Sometimes even the whole system is called this detail. Let's consider, how the muffler of the car is arranged. He can have a very different design inside. On new machines, it provides for several technologies designed to reduce noise. This is a system of pores, partitions, air outlets and so on.

However, when tuning the exhaust system and in particular the muffler depart from its main function of reducing sound and, conversely, try to give the car a spectacular "roar". How is the muffler of the car in this case? Such a detail is called co-current. The essence of the alteration is very simple. The design inside is simplified. It can consist, for example, of a perforated pipe. Then the gases will leave without resistance.

Electrical equipment

Equipping with electrical equipment is very important. After all, thanks to him, the engine starts and functions. Also the salon is heated, illuminated, it is possible to safely move around in the dark and provides security to all participants in the movement.