The area of China. China: population, area. Density of population in China

Chinese civilization is very ancient. It is four thousand years old. Since the time of Marco Polo, the Celestial Empire attracts researchers and travelers. In this country most of the inhabitants - it is home to the fifth part of all people on the planet. If we consider the area of China, then the state is in third place in the world in size.

And although the times of Mao Tse-tung have already passed, the power of the Communist Party, as well as its influence on all spheres of life, are still enormous. In 1979, the country launched a state program called "2 + 1". It was designed to limit fertility. So, families sign an agreement with the state, according to which the spouses are obliged to have one child in return for tax and many other benefits. Violation of the established rule entails the deprivation of financial privileges and an imposing fine.

Until the nineties of the twentieth century, the Chinese had no right to use personal cars. All vehicles were in the possession of the state. For this reason, people used to use bicycles, and now two-wheeled vehicles are no less in demand.

The area of China was previously divided into five time zones. Such a system existed from 1912 to 1949 year. Currently, the entire territory of the country in the administrative plan is in one time zone. Daylight Saving Time is not available.

Geographical position

Celestial is in East and Central Asia. As the map of China shows, the country borders on Russia, India, Nepal, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, North Korea and Vietnam. Formally, the state in question belongs to the island of Taiwan, but in fact it does not depend on anyone.

The area of China has the following geographical features: in the east - plains, in the center - hills, in the west - mountains.

Administrative division

The state includes five national autonomous regions, four cities of special subordination, as well as the provinces of China, the list of which includes twenty-two points.

Climatic features

The area of China lies in three climatic zones. It is temperate, subtropical and tropical. The mountain climate is sharply continental.

It is noteworthy that the weather conditions of the country are largely determined by its relief, because China is a giant staircase, falling from the highlands of Central Asia towards the ocean. It forms a kind of screen that, on the one hand, contributes to the retention of moisture that enters the period of summer monsoons from the ocean to land, and on the other hand, causes the flow of cold air masses from the high pressure zone, which is in winter in the territory of Mongolia, Southern Siberia and the north- Western China.

Most of China's area (in km2 is almost 9.6 million) is influenced by the continental climate. However, the difference between the seasons is significant.

According to written sources dated the first millennium BC, earlier on the Great Plain of China it was warmer. This fact, as well as the fertile soils of forests, greatly contributed to the emergence and successful development of agriculture in this region, which, in turn, stimulated the emergence of a great civilization.

At the dawn of our era, the climate became colder. The mean annual temperatures generally corresponded to modern ones, and then a general cold snap began, which eventually spread throughout Eurasia.

Architecture

The total area of China is simply huge - more than nine and a half square kilometers. Nevertheless, on such an imposing territory one architectural tradition dominates, which can not be said of any European culture. All the basic constructive and decorative techniques developed many centuries ago and remain relevant until now. At the same time, the cultural stability of a country that has experienced many foreign invasions is striking. The secret lies in the fact that all the innovations of the inhabitants of this state passed through the prism of their own worldview. That is why the borrowed elements differ little from the primordial Chinese.

Regular urban development was based on the principles of feng shui. So, all the buildings were oriented to the south. In the country there was a whole system of town-planning rules, according to which the administrative and imperial parts of the city were always located in the center, they were surrounded by walls that form a forbidden territory. The most important buildings were built along the main thoroughfares, going from the southern gate towards the north.

The height and location of the structure were determined on the basis of its functions and the position of the owner in society. And although the population density in China already in the first centuries of our era was impressive, ordinary citizens were forbidden to build houses with a height of more than one floor. For this reason, a unique three-dimensional composition of the settlements was formed. The picturesque nature of the resulting landscape was greatly enhanced by the color solution of the roofs. So, at the imperial buildings they were painted in golden, at temples and houses of officials - in green (sometimes in blue). The roofs of the towers were covered with gray tiles.

The most famous drink

Describing China: population, area, climate, culture, architecture, economy and other spheres - it is impossible not to mention one amazing drink. He has long been a visiting card of the country. This is tea. It is a product resulting from the complex processing of the starting material. Freshly picked buds and leaves are poetically called a tea emerald. Depending on what products were used in their processing, it turns out green, yellow, white, turquoise, floral, crushed, pressed, red, black tea.

Unique Therapy

Local residents are actively engaged in Tai Chi Chuan. This is a special kind of gymnastics, based on the oldest system of exercises. It, in turn, is based on the inseparable connection of the three components - movement, consciousness and breathing. In many cities street classes are conducted under the guidance of professional instructors. Their work is paid by the Ministry of Health, which believes that it is better to pay ten than to treat a thousand later.

The main principle of Chinese treatment is not to bring health from outside, but to awaken the internal strength of the body. And gymnastics in this regard is only one of many options. For example, in the resorts of. Hainan proposed to eliminate nervous disorders due to the intake of mineral and aromatic baths. In local hydropathic institutions, modern technologies are successfully combined with traditional methods of getting rid of ailments. Chinese physicians base therapy on the concept of seven emotions. If a person is overcome with anger, fear, pain, anxiety, grief, surprise or even happiness, it can shake the balance of his body, that is, lead to illness. As for the Hainan mineral waters, they just remove the existing emotional stress due to the increased content of silver, manganese and hydrogen sulphide.

Population

The area of China is almost 9.6 million square meters. Km. Representatives of fifty-six nationalities live on this vast territory. According to the data of the all-Chinese population census in the country, there are 936.7 million Chinese (Han) and 67.23 million representatives of national minorities.

The map of China's population density reflects the uneven distribution of people. So, the bulk of the Han people live in the basins of the Yangtze, Yellow River and Zhujiang rivers , and also in the north-east of the country - in the Sunlaos plain. As for national minorities, despite their relatively small population, they occupy about 60% of the territory of the state. They live in Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia-Huen, Guangxi Zhuang, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Areas, as well as in fourteen provinces.

The area of China in square. Km is very large, and the internal migration of millions of people play an important role in the distribution of the population. Often the inhabitants of megacities migrate to poorly developed areas.

Currently, there is a change in the administrative management of the birth rate of material incentives in the country. An example of this is the new slogan of demographic policy, which says: "You have less children, you will get rich quicker." According to the National Bureau of Statistics, on January 6, 2005, the population of China reached one billion three hundred million people. Local authorities are trying to do everything possible to make the natural increase in population equal to zero. It is expected that by 2030 the number of Chinese will reach its peak and amount to 1.46 billion. It is expected that the maximum number of able-bodied citizens will be in 2020 and will be 65% of the total population (940 million people).

Experts point out that if the authorities of the republic do not soften the current legislation restricting the number of children, then by the middle of this century the title of the most populous state in the world will pass to India.

Features

The map of the provinces of China displays twenty-two territorial units. Each of them has not only an administrative role, but also cultural differences. Most of the modern provinces have borders established during the Ming dynasty. Since that time, territorial division has been seriously transformed only in the north-eastern part of the country.

In the mainland China, the provinces of the central government are rigidly subordinated, but in reality the local government is vested with broad powers in the conduct of economic policy. Some researchers of this sphere refer to the existing system as a federalism with Chinese characteristics. At the same time, an analogy with socialism with Chinese characteristics is carried out.

Most of the provinces of the country (with the exception of the northeastern ones) gained borders during the reign of the Yuan, Qing and Ming dynasties. At the same time, the division was often not based on linguistic, geographical or cultural differences. This was done with a view to preventing separatism and elevating local authorities. The locals themselves say that the borders between the provinces are alternating like the clenched teeth of a dog. Despite this, this division is of great cultural importance. The inhabitants of each province are given certain features that fit into the existing stereotypes.

Among the latest changes in the territorial division of the republic are the following: the granting of Chongqing and Hainan the status of the province, as well as the establishment of special administrative regions of Macau and Hong Kong. What are the current provinces of China? The list is impressive:

1. Shanxi.
2. Shandong.
3. Guangxi.
4. Zhejiang.
5. Macao.
6. Qinghai.
7. Jiangsu.
8. Anhui.
9. Jiangxi.
10. Gansu.
11. Jilin.
12. Guangdong.
13. Henan.
14. Guizhou.
15. Heilongjiang.
16. Liaoning.
17. Hebei.
18. Sichuan.
19. Hunan.
20. Fujian.
21. Qinghai.
22. Hubei.

sights

Millions of tourists visit China every year. The area of the country's territory, equal to 9.6 million km², includes a great number of architectural monuments, which attracts travelers from all over the world. The state carefully takes care of preserving the unique historical heritage. Even entire cities (a total of 24) are declared protected and properly protected, not to mention individual monuments.

The most famous example of serf architecture in the world is, of course, the Great Wall of China. Its length is four thousand kilometers. The unique construction protects the northern borders of the country. It began to be built in the fourth and third centuries BC, at a time when some Chinese states were engaged in creating defensive structures to protect themselves from the raids of nomadic tribes from Central Asia. According to historians, about four hundred thousand people took part in the construction of the Great Wall. After the formation of a centralized state, its separate sections were joined together. Thus, a single defensive complex was formed. Completion of construction work was in the third century of our era. The wall was a defensive shaft, the height of which reached ten meters. On the broad top could move troops and wagons. After every two hundred meters, the defensive towers rose.

Beijing is known for the largest state museum in China called Guogun. In the past it was the imperial palace. The construction of a unique architectural monument began in the first half of the fifteenth century. Later the palace was rebuilt and increased in size. Modern Gugun is a grandiose complex, which includes more than one hundred buildings. On the perimeter it is surrounded by a wide channel and surrounded by a high stone wall. The total area of the palace is 720,000 square kilometers, and the number of exhibits is 800,000 square kilometers. The latter are represented by antiquarian values, including ritual palace utensils, ancient copper mirrors, jade and porcelain products, unique books and archives of the royal palace, of which eight thousand are classified as treasures of national importance. Every day the museum receives thirty thousand visitors.

In China, a great many garden and park complexes are broken. Basically, they are located in the former imperial palaces and in private parks of different landscape types. Of particular interest are beautiful man-made mountains, ponds, cozy gazebos, bridges and bizarre piles of stones.

A classic example of the work of masters of landscape art - I Ho Yuan, a park of serene rest. It is located in the summer imperial palace in the vicinity of Beijing.

In the capital of China, there is a park called Hai Bay, which in literal translation means "the northern sea". It is famous for an artificial lake, on the banks of which there are interesting pavilions, pavilions and temples.

Suzhou is rightly called a green city. Currently, there are more than one hundred garden and park complexes. All of them are called to please the eye and give coolness in the summer heat.

Conclusion

Admiration is not only an impressive area of the country. China - the state that gave the world a paper, gunpowder, a compass. In addition, the role of national culture is striking. It has influenced the vast majority of people's spheres of life and the development of the country and continues to do so until now.