Technical characteristics of GAZ-53: payload, device and scheme

Gorky Automobile Plant in the period from 1961 to 1993 put on stream the production of medium-duty trucks GAZ-53. The car's carrying capacity was from 3 to 4.5 tons, depending on the modification. The considered machine belongs to the third generation of this class. Given the vehicle, taking into account all the transformations, it became the most mass production of Soviet trucks. Over the production period, more than four million machines were produced.

The model range (GAZ-53 F)

Until 1967, the GAZ-53 was designed and manufactured by F. The car was equipped with a six-cylinder power unit with a four-speed transmission. The fuel consumption was about 24 liters per hundred kilometers. The bridge unit had bevel gears, the engine from GAZ-11 was boosted to increase compression of the mixture.

The model of the GAZ-53, the carrying capacity of which was 3.5 tons, was equipped with new tires and an enlarged base. On the basis of this machine, on-board trucks, dump trucks, milk trucks, etc. were designed. Given the frequent failure of parts, low power and a number of design deficiencies, the car was not popular and was withdrawn from production in 1967.

Series 53 and 53A

The period from 1964 to 1983 was marked by the release of models GAZ-53 and 53A. These modifications were equipped with a more powerful power plant ZMZ-53 by 115 liters. The design provided an increase in the speed to 85 km / h with a fuel consumption (l / km) - 25/100. To expand the functionality of the truck, it was provided for the construction of a dump truck, a covered body, a power take-off device for a hydraulic pump.

The carrying capacity of GAZ-53 was lower by 0.5 tons (3.5 and 4.0) than the 53A model. In addition, the second variation had the following advantages:

• More powerful middle axis.
• Constructively updated cardan.
• A well-developed steering mechanism.
• Updated radiator protection.
• Duplicate turn signals on the roof.
• New cabin heating and windshield wipers.

The model of the Soviet truck under consideration was marked by the State Quality Mark of the USSR.

Modification 53-12

This model GAZ-53, with a carrying capacity of up to 4.5 tons, was produced from 1983 to 1992. The machine was equipped with a ZMZ-511 engine with a capacity of 120 horsepower, with a maximum speed of 90 km / h. The fuel consumption increased to 30 liters per hundred, but it became possible to install a gas installation for refueling with liquefied or compressed gas.

The truck is designed to transport various goods along the highway and dirt road at an ambient temperature of -40 to +40 degrees Celsius. This model is an improved version of the 53A series. The car received an improved motor, rubber of a radial type, which made it possible to increase the dynamics and passable qualities of the vehicle. Machines with gas installations were produced under the indices 53-27 and 53-19.

The updated power unit was equipped with a sectional oil pump, filtering full-flow elements, new cylinder heads, crankcase ventilation was carried out in a closed loop. Also, the axle beam, damping and frame elements were strengthened, the toxicity of the exhaust decreased by almost 20 percent.

Export and upgrade options

The carrying capacity of the GAZ-53 machine, which goes for export, reached 4.5 tons. For the implementation abroad were the modifications of the series 53-50 and 53-70. The cars were in demand in Belgium, Finland, and the socialist countries. In Cuba and in Bulgaria there were production capacities for assembling machines from the sets obtained from the Gorky Automobile Plant.

Upgraded and exported late-series products were equipped with a front-view triplex, a non-contact ignition unit, modern lighting components, emergency sensors, a hydrovacuum amplifier, a pressure distributor for braking on all axes.

For example, the capacity of GAZ-53 (dump truck) with index 02 was more than 4 tons with the capacity of the all-metal self-tilting platform of the body in five meters of cubic cargo. The dumper was widely used in industry and agriculture. Due to the design features, the unloading was done on a convenient working side.

Technical properties

Below are the main technical characteristics of the GAZ-53, the electrical diagram:

• Power plant - piston type, carburetor, four-stroke, made of aluminum alloy.
• The volume (cubic cm) is 4 250.
• Power (HP) - 115.
• Cooling is liquid.
• Construction - frame, two-door with left-hand drive.
• Suspension unit - front (dependent, spring beam), rear (similar leaf springs).
• Transmission - mechanics, four steps.

Electrical equipment consists of the following elements:

• Placed in the cabin of the instruments.
• The battery (75 a / h).
• Starter, generator.
• Postings.
• Motors of the windshield and heating unit.
• Elements of the ignition unit.

The fuel tank of the truck contains 90 liters, the maximum speed is 85-90 km / h with a fuel consumption of 24 liters per hundred kilometers.

Other data

GAZ-53, maximum load capacity and other characteristics are presented below:

• Length / width / height (m) - 6.4 / 2.38 / 2.22.
• Wheel base (m) - 3.7.
• Track (front / rear), m - 1.63 / 1.69.
• Clearance (cm) - 26,5.
• The weight of the car in running order (t) is 3.25.
• The total mass (t) is 8.25.
• Maximum payload capacity (t) is 4.0.
• Brake system - drum type on all axes, hydraulic amplifier.
• Clutch - disk, dry type with a lever drive.
• Steel rims.

These characteristics are given for the standard model GAZ-53. In modernized variations, the load-carrying capacity, dynamics and engine resources are slightly higher.

Pros and cons of the whole series

The domestic truck GAZ-53, the carrying capacity of which was sufficient to perform various business tasks, has objective advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of auto include the following:

• Simplicity and reliability in service.
• Ease of management.
• Inexpensive and affordable service, as well as carrying out minor repairs in almost all conditions.
• With the timely replacement of oil and filters, the life of the power unit before major repairs reaches 400 thousand kilometers or more.

Among the shortcomings identify such problems:

• Low life of the brakes and clutch.
• A decent fuel consumption.
• Unreliable connection of the components of the cardan, distributor and variator.
• Seal of the rear main bearing of the motor.

Despite all the shortcomings, the truck in question can be found today on domestic roads, which further confirms its popularity, especially in rural areas.

Features

Given the production period, the GAZ-53 looked quite modern. The car has an integral snap-in radiator at the level of headlights. A sturdy frame serves to connect most units and vehicle blocks. If necessary, the chassis could be transported without the body part and the cab.

The fuel tank is located under the driver's seat, the fuel fill neck is located behind the cab at the edge of the driver's door. This decision played a positive role in the transition from gasoline to gas, since the installation is mounted under the body, where most cars have a gas tank.

The machine was started with an electric starter, comfort in the cabin was maintained by the heating unit and electric wipers. The armchair for the driver and passenger is combined into one single "sofa". In the cabin there are compartments for storing tools and appliances. Instead of an oil pressure indicator and an ammeter, alarm sensors and clocks appeared.

Internal filling

The high carrying capacity of the GAZ-53 is not only provided by a strong frame. An important role in the dynamics and performance of the truck is played by internal systems and mechanisms.

The cylinder blocks are made of aluminum alloy type Al-4. The design is a V-shaped monoblock, which is thermally processed, has a right angle along the axes. Piston elements are cast from an alloy of the Al-30 type. The piston itself has a circular shape with the guide grooves for the rings cut in the body.

Planting seats of valves, коленвал are executed from pig-iron, directing plugs - from a copper-graphite mix. The blocks and cylinder heads are fixed with each other using threaded studs with gaskets. From axial displacement the crankshaft is protected by two washers installed on both sides of the neck support.

Timing

The timing mechanism plays out its role, including influencing the load capacity of the GAZ-53, depending on the modification. In the standard model, this is a mechanism with a top valve assembly. The node includes:

• Camshafts and pushers.
• Gears.
• Rockers and rods.
• Guides for bushes and springs.

The power supply system includes a fuel tank, pipes and hoses, a mechanical pump with a diaphragm, a carburetor for two chambers, filter elements. The oil pump facilitates the supply of oil to the friction parts by gravity or pressure. Air filter - inertial type, in which particles of contaminants settle in an oil bath.

The cooling system is a closed unit with a pump. The unit consists of a water jacket, a pump, a radiator, a thermostat, a fan with a casing, blinds and connecting elements. The unit volume is 22 liters with the contact ignition circuit.

Conclusion

No matter how they scolded the Soviet automobile industry, there were a lot of samples that fulfilled their functions with dignity. One of these cars was the GAZ-523, the most massive truck with various modifications. He helped agrarians, industrialists, motor transport enterprises carry out the plan, was unpretentious in operation and repair. At the same time, the carrying capacity of the GAZ-53 (on-board variant) is 3-3.5 tons, and more modern models and dump trucks do up to 4.5 tons of load.