Signs of classicism in literature. An example of Russian classicism in the comedy "Nedorosl"

In the era of Peter the Great in Russia, the foundations of a new direction in literature began to be laid. Signs of classicism originated in Italy in the 16th century. Already after a hundred years the direction reached its highest development in France during the reign of Louis 14, which claims absolute monarchy.

The origin of classicism and the general characteristics of the era

The ideological basis for the formation of a literary trend is the assertion of strong state power. As the main goal of classicism put glorification of absolute monarchy. In Latin, the term "classicus" means "exemplary". Signs of classicism in literature derive their origins from antiquity, and the theoretical basis is the work of N. Boileau "Poetic art" (1674). It introduces the concept of three oneness and speaks of a strict correspondence between content and form.

Philosophical basis of classicism

Metaphysics of the rationalist René Descartes influenced the development of this literary trend. The main conflict among the classics is the confrontation of the mind and passions. In accordance with the division of all genres into the high, medium and low styles of the artistic system were created.

The main signs of classicism involve the use of the rule of three oneness (time, place and action) and normative poetics, which is why the natural development of the literary process began to stall. The caste-feudal hierarchy is reflected in the aristocratic character of classicism. Heroes are mostly representatives of the nobility, who are the bearers of virtue. High civil pathos and a sense of patriotism later become the basis for the formation of other literary trends.

Signs of classicism in literature. Features of Russian Classicism

In Russia this literary trend begins to take shape at the end of the 17th century. Despite the fact that the works of Russian classicists show a connection with N. Boileau, classicism in Russia is significantly different. His active development began after the death of Peter the Great, when the clergy and nobles tried to return the state in pre-Petrine times. The following signs of classicism are inherent exclusively in the Russian direction:

1. It is more humane, since it was formed under the influence of the ideas of Enlightenment.
2. It affirmed the natural equality of all people.
3. The main conflict occurred between the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie.
4. In Russia there was an antiquity - a domestic history.

Odic poetry of classicism, the work of Lomonosov

Mikhail Vasilyevich was not only a natural scientist, but also a writer. He strictly observed the signs of classicism, and his classical odes can be divided into several thematic groups:

1. Victory-patriotic. "Ode to the taking of Khotin" (1739) was attached to a letter about the rules of Russian poetry. The work uses symbols widely and introduces the collective image of the Russian soldier.
2. Odes associated with the accession to the throne of the monarch, in which the signs of classicism are particularly clearly traced. Lomonosov wrote works addressed to the Empress Anna, Elizabeth, Catherine II. A commendable ode was presented to the writer of the most convenient formal conversation with the monarch.
3. Spiritual. In the 18th century, they called the transcription of biblical texts with a lyrical content. Here the author spoke not only about personal experiences, but also about universal human issues.

Ode to Lomonosov

Mikhail Vasilyevich adhered to writing works of exceptionally high genre, which was characterized by solemn language, the use of means of artistic expressiveness and appeals - these are the main signs of classicism in dress. Lomonosov addresses heroic and patriotic themes, glorifies the beauty of his homeland and encourages people to engage in science. He was positive about the monarchy and in "Odes on the day of the accession to the throne of Elizabeth Petrovna" reflects this idea. Being an enlightened person, Mikhail Vasilievich directs efforts to educate the whole part of the population of Russia, therefore he gives his followers a rich literary heritage.

How to distinguish a classic work? Signs of classicism in the comedy "The Minor"

The work consists of actions (usually 5) and phenomena, and the subject of conversation in the classical comedy is the state. The author also observes these signs of classicism in "Inedia" and "Brigadier".

The innovative character of the comedies of Fonvizin

Denis Ivanovich began his literary work with translations of European texts, while still playing a role in the dramatic theater. In 1762, his comedy "Brigadier" was presented, and then "Coryon". The best signs of classicism in the "Inseparable" - the most recognizable work of the author. The peculiarity of his work is that he opposes government policy and denies the existing forms of landlord domination. Ideal he sees a monarchy, fenced by the law, which allows the development of the bourgeois class and allows the value of a person outside class. Such views were reflected in his journalistic works.

"Brigadier": idea and summary

Fonvizin manifests himself as a playwright in the creation of his comedies. The production of the "Brigadier" was a huge success for the audience due to the filing of a collective image of the whole class. The basis is a plot-love conflict. The main character is not easy to identify, because each exists not in itself, but complements the collective image of the Russian nobility. The traditional for the classical comedy love story used by the playwright for satirical purposes. All the heroes are united by stupidity and stinginess, they are strictly divided into positive and negative - the main signs of classicism in comedy are clearly preserved. Comedian effect of the playwright has reached a complete inconsistency of the behavior of the characters to common sense and moral norm. "Brigadier" for Russian literature was a new genre phenomenon - it is a comedy of morals. Fonvizin explains the actions of the characters in a domestic setting. His satire is not specific, because it does not mean individual bearers of social vices.

The head of the brigade and his wife decide to marry their son Ivanushka to the clever and beautiful Sophia, the daughter of an adviser, who, observing the behavior of this family, does not want to become related to them. The groom himself does not feel feelings for the bride, and when she finds out that she is in love with Dobrolyubova, the mother is persuaded in this venture. In the house there is an intrigue: the brigadier falls in love with the adviser, and the adviser - in the foreman's wife, but in the end everything falls into place and only Sofya and Dobrolyubov remain happy.

"Non-Horoscope": idea and summary

In the work, the main is the socio-political conflict. "The Minor" is the most recognizable comedy of classicism, the signs of which are three oneness, a strict division into positive and negative heroes, saying the names - Fonvizin successfully observes. For the author there are two categories of nobles: evil and progressive. The theme of the poverty of serfdom in Russia is openly publicized. The playwright's innovation is manifested in the creation of positive images, which according to the plan were supposed to have an educational effect, but he continues to remain signs of classicism. In the comedy "Nedorosl" the character of Prostakova was a kind of discovery for Fonvizin. This heroine is an image of a Russian landowner - close, greedy, rude, but loving her son. Despite all the typicality, it reveals individual traits. A number of researchers saw in the comedy features enlightening realism, while others drew attention to the normative poetics of classicism.

The family of Prostakovs plans to marry his unaccounted Mitrofanushka in the clever Sophia. The mother and father despise enlightenment and argue that knowledge of grammar and arithmetic is of no use, however, they hire the son of teachers: Tsyfirkin, Vralman, Kuteikin. Mitrofan has a rival - Skotinin, brother of Prostakova, who wants to marry out of a desire to become the owner of villages with pigs. However, the girl finds a worthy husband of Milo; Uncle Sophia, Starodum, approves of their union.