Regional development banks. International Regional Development Banks

From the economic crises, the regions with the highest degree of integration and joint financial resources suffer least . On the market without internal borders, where goods, resources, capital, labor are freely moving, there is a favorable investment climate and more conditions for the formation of powerful producers. In such conditions, the need for yet another financial structure-a regional bank-is increasing.

Purpose

Regional development banks are created with the participation of the state. They have clear lines of work, supplement the integration of the government in the economic and social spheres, support foreign trade relations, providing loans to small and medium-sized businesses. For example, assistance provided by the European Investment Bank in 2010 to Hungary, Iceland, Greece, Latvia, helped to stabilize the economic and financial situation of countries. Regional development banks make a significant contribution to the mutual growth of member countries, help to overcome the negative consequences of financial crises. In such circumstances, the role of interstate financial institutions is increasing. Let us consider in more detail the stages of their cooperation.

History of development

The starting point is the period of economic recovery after the Second World War. In 1949, in Moscow, the leaders of Hungary, Albania, Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, the USSR and Czechoslovakia decided to establish a Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA). The goal is to provide financial, scientific and technical cooperation, to promote joint activities. In the following years, the GDR, Mongolia, Yugoslavia and Cuba joined it. By the mid-1970s, the CMEA maintained relations with more than thirty international institutions.

Achievements

Even at the stage of establishing relations the organization managed to meet the allies' need for fuel, raw materials and cars, and jointly build the largest oil pipeline "Druzhba", which was used to transport raw materials to Hungary, Poland and Czechoslovakia. In the second half of the 1960s, Intermetall, the Freight Car Park, was established. Co-ordinated clearing trade between the countries was coordinated through CMEA, the economic plans were linked, the cooperative mechanism was functioning.

Hungary supplied allies with buses, GDRs with clothing, Poland with cosmetics, pharmacology, Czechoslovakia with electric locomotives, Cuba with sugar, Romania with furniture. These goods were exchanged for cheap oil, gas, metal, machine-building, instrumentation and defense products. After the collapse of the USSR, this structure also ceased to exist. But today other similar institutions function.

Asian Regional Development Bank

ADB was established in 1966 by the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. Objectives of the organization:

• Assistance to economic growth in the region of Asia and the Far East;
• The advancement of women in society;
• Provision of labor resources of member countries.

The Regional Bank for Development and Reconstruction in Asia provides:

• Loans for the implementation of economic and social projects;
• Technical assistance in the preparation of programs;
• Loans to public and private enterprises for development;
• Helps in the coordination of plans and goals.

For today, there are 56 member countries. The structure of the organization is represented by three levels of power:

• the president;
• Board of Directors;
• Leaders.

Financial resources include authorized capital, reserve funds, loans received from special funds created for concessional lending. The Regional Development Bank actively works in all spheres of the economy. But more attention is paid to agriculture, the capital market, energy, transport and communications.

Inter-American Development Bank

IDB was established in 1959 to help develop Latin American countries. Directions of the organization:

• Promotion of investment in Latin America;
• Sending all available resources to finance important economic projects;
• Promotion of investment;
• Assistance in expanding the foreign trade policy of the participants;
• Providing technical assistance in the implementation of plans.

The IADB has more than 48 members. The structure of the organization looks like this:

• A management committee;
• Board of Directors;
• administration;
• Presidents;
• Departments.

Financial resources include subscription, reserve capital, trust funds of concessional lending. Most of the assets on paper exist in the form of funds that may be in demand, or guarantees of interaction in the market. Bank operations cover all sectors of the economy, but more attention is paid to agriculture and fisheries, industry, social services, planning, reform and investment.

In addition to the IADB, Latin American countries also have an Inter-American Investment Corporation, Karibank, and a Central American credit institution for economic integration.

The domestic market

The Central Bank assures that there is no direct connection between the "health" and the size of the bank. Regional development banks also play an important role in the development of the state economy. They are more efficient and better aware of the characteristics of small and medium-sized businesses. The latter's activities depend on the availability of loans on the ground. According to statistics, firms that work in a region with a developed financial system, increase turnover by 67% faster than enterprises in the country as a whole.

In Russia, such institutions are not very popular with clients. Entrepreneurs in the Urals, Siberia and the Far East in general can not get borrowed capital. They have to go to large credit organizations. Regional development banks should be partners for such entrepreneurs. For large credit institutions such clients are not very interesting. In a state institution, the process of making a decision on the issuance of borrowed funds may take several months. It is better to apply to the regional bank for regional development. The management of the institution is better acquainted with the specifics of the business. The probability of making a positive decision is higher.

The branch is not a bank

Large credit organizations, of course, have branches in remote regions of the country. But they are usually deprived of independence and perform only technical work on the collection of documents. And the decision is made by the leadership in Moscow, which may not be aware of the specifics of the region and business. Large banks prefer to avoid difficult customers. And practically all small entrepreneurs require an individual approach. Regional points are ready to delve into the peculiarities of business and can become an alternative in the sphere of banking services for small and medium-sized enterprises.

Reduction

As of June 1, 2014, there were 888 banks operating in Russia. This is significantly less than in Germany (1.8 thousand) and the United States (more than 5.8 thousand). The level of provision of credit services in Russia is 0.6. That is, a person has less than one credit point in the country. In the US, this figure is 2, and in the EU - 1.8. Another problem or, more precisely, the feature of time - all large organizations are state structures. Sberbank, VTB (24), Gazprom and Rosselkhoz serve more than 53.8% of the population. Over the past 5 years, the number of credit points in Moscow has sharply increased from 15.4% to 22%. As a result, enterprises that are serviced in the capital organizations are in a more convenient position in comparison with organizations in Siberia or the Far East.

Financing

The development of the regional network of the bank contributes to the economic growth of the region. This is confirmed by the situation in Russia. In Siberia there are 258 banks together with branches, and in the East even less - 118. And this despite the fact that over the past 10 years, as many have ceased to exist. No other district can boast of such indicators. The existing regional development banks are classified as small. They can not provide the organization with the necessary resources. As a result, the level of GDP in these regions is half that in Moscow. And individuals can only provide a small range of services. This is evidenced by the reviews.

The regional development bank is also estimated by the ratio of capital to the maximum loan volume. So, in Russia there are 140 organizations that can give a client a loan of 1 billion rubles. Of these, 37 are in Moscow, 6 in Siberia (Tyumen, Novosibirsk) and 3 in the Far East. As a result, entrepreneurs of distant districts are forced to apply for loans to major metropolitan structures or OJSC "Regional Development Bank".

Way out

Regional lending institutions should develop. This can greatly contribute to the Central Bank, capitalizing small organizations. You can also create forms of supervision that will evaluate the situation using an algorithm different from that used for large structures. Now there are no special measures to support small banks either at the federal level or in the Central Bank. But if local authorities pay attention to this issue, then the number of banks deprived of licenses in the region is much smaller. But even if they are, they are not accompanied by loud scandals, discussion of problems in the media and subsequent panic. A similar situation occurred in 2013, when the Regional Development Bank lost the license. Deposits to customers are still not returned to all. In just the past two years, the Central Bank has revoked licenses from 62 credit institutions. Such statistics are alarming. If the situation does not change, then in 5 years the banking sector will be managed by large state financial institutions.

Conclusion

The economic and social development of the region largely depends on the entrepreneur's ability to raise funds in a local bank. In Russia there are 888 credit institutions. And they are scattered throughout the country unevenly. As a result, entrepreneurs in Siberia and the Far East can not use all possible types of services of credit institutions. For help they have to turn to a major capital or regional development bank. The rating held in 2014 showed that the largest of the specialized institutions in terms of equity (Russia, MDM, AK Bars) are concentrated in St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk and Kazan.