Rate of water consumption and sanitation. The principle of water flow rate rationing

Under water use is meant the process of water consumption, the source of it is natural objects or water supply systems.

Water consumption is normalized, that is, to determine its determined by the plan measure. This is done taking into account the quality of the natural resource. And also those standards that are approved for the production of a unit of industrial output.

Why is rationing necessary?

Its main task is to guarantee in the production and in everyday life of such volumes of use of water resources that will prove to be most effective.

Rationing in the sphere of public utilities is conducted on the basis of relevant SNiPs, and industry enterprises use specially developed methodological instructions for this. What is it to him?

The total amount of water consumed in the production of products (per unit), fresh drinking water, and also technical water is normalized. In addition, water is taken into account, which is used repeatedly and reversibly. And also sewage, i.e. sewage water (both withdrawn from the consumer, and industrial).

What data does SNiP use "Norms of water consumption"

The so-called specific value is taken as the basis for such a valuation. What is the norm of water consumption? This unit is equal to the maximum allowed water volume (according to the quality) taken for the plan, which is required for the production of a unit of production of a standard sample under certain production conditions or for consumption with a drinking or an economic purpose.

The formation of specific norms is carried out by using their element-wise components. What is put into them? Basically we are talking about the specific consumption of water for production (per unit) or for the volume (area) of the enterprise. The same norm of water consumption of the enterprise exists for each individual process, including its drinking and household needs.

Another calculated value regulates those losses in the production cycle, which are irreversible. It is a question of leakage, evaporation, entrainment, filtration, etc. These are usually referred to factory, industry and interbranch. Measure standards are accepted in natural units (liters, cubic meters, etc.).

On rationing of water disposal

But experts are interested not only in the norm of water consumption. It turns out that the opposite procedure is also subject to accounting. Water discharge, that is, the discharge of water, is the process of draining out of the areas where the primary use of the resource occurs (enterprise, settlement). They are removed to natural sources or transferred for cleaning to specialized organizations.

Under the norms of water disposal is meant the planned maximum amount of sewage, also taken per unit of output. Water at the same time can relate to one of the two degrees of pollution - conditionally (normatively) clean and requiring cleaning.

In connection with the continuous improvement of technologies, the norms of water consumption and sanitation are reviewed on a mandatory basis after five years. They are calculated directly in production when approved by management.

How to take into account the quality of water

Requirements for the quality and composition of drinking water in centralized water supply systems are set out on the pages of SanPiN published in 2001.

Technical water is divided into 4 separate categories with their own requirements for each.

I - water-coolant at thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, etc. The presence of mechanical impurities, stiffness and aggressiveness is excluded. Sewage of such water does not need to be cleaned, but can be hot.

II - water for washing products, containers, raw materials. Sewage is heavily soiled.

III - water-raw materials (for food products, in the construction industry, etc.).

IV - water for complex use.

In view of this separation, the production technology is selected as rationally as possible, minimizing the damage to the environment.

What is the water consumption limit?

This is based on the results of calculations, the basis of which is the rate of water consumption, the amount of drinking and technical water for each enterprise according to the production conditions, planned losses, a program for saving resources.

The limit of wastewater is the amount of wastewater spent directed to a natural object, taking into account its condition and standard specifications.

Both these limits, calculated and taken directly at the enterprise, must be approved by the water management agency. They are accepted in the general case for a year, but in a complex situation with water resources - monthly or even daily.

Water in communal households

Providing the population with drinking water is the most important business on a national scale, one of the first responsibilities of the authorities of any locality. In the absence of clean water for drinking, diseases immediately arise - right up to epidemics. The world is still full of places where access to water of acceptable quality is an unacceptable luxury.

In our country the Water Code proclaims the priority of municipal water supply. First of all, regardless of the conditions, the population must be provided with clean water. Its supply should not be lower than the 97% mark (this means that only three days out of a hundred water outages are permissible).

Of course, in this sphere there is also a norm of water consumption. The structure of municipal water supply in this case is as follows.

56% of the household water supply is allocated to public water, 17% to public buildings, and 16% to industry. The rest goes to other needs (firefighters - 3%, urban - fountains, watering, etc. - 1%, as much for all others).

Water for domestic and drinking purposes is consumed in the following percentage ratio: 30% for drinking and food purposes (cooking), 10% for washing, 30% for baths, 30% for flushing toilet bowls.

Norms of water consumption - a day in a big city

Residents of large cities for all household and communal needs are given up to 600 liters of water per day. This is the norm of water consumption per person. The structure of its consumption is as follows:

- for personal needs - 200 liters;

- for utilities - 100 liters;

- to maintain urban cleanliness - 100 liters;

- To enterprises of local significance - 200 liters.

The following is typical for municipal water supply.

The quality of water must be exceptionally high in its physical properties (color, transparency, taste, smell), and chemical (hardness, mineralization, acidity, composition of impurities) character.

This also includes the content of organic substances, the normalized radiation of radioactive particles, bacterial composition. In drinking water there should not be parasites, viruses, pathogenic microbes.

The best water

Quality standards (the first of them in our country refers to 1937) from year to year tend to become tougher.

What is the reason for this? Science does not stand still, every year there are new facts about the influence of certain substances on humans. Accordingly, the quality requirements for the composition of the water are subject to revision.

The best content is for interplastic underground artesian waters, which are considered to be the most protected from pollution. Somewhat worse - ground, lying not so deep, and least suitable for water supply surface water.

To water meets the quality standards, it is filtered, coagulated (impurities precipitated), chlorinated, removed unwanted and introduced the necessary impurities.

On the uneven consumption

Another property of water consumption in the sphere of housing and communal services is a combination of relative uniformity of water consumption throughout the year with unevenness of daily water supply. If the percentage of seasonal fluctuations is no more than 15-20, then during a day the difference is much greater (about 70% of water we spend in the daytime). Therefore, a special coefficient of unevenness (hour and day) has been developed. Thanks to it, fluctuations in water consumption by hours and months are taken into account, which is required for the design of supply systems. After all, their task is to ensure a guaranteed supply even in the regime of maximum water consumption.