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Punctuation marks in compound sentence: examples, table. The rules of punctuation in complex sentences

Complex, called a proposal, which in its composition has independent parts associated with each other by the union of unions. The components have, as a rule, equal semantic and grammatical meaning. Between them can be a comma, a semicolon or a dash. Punctuation marks in compound sentence are one of the most difficult punctuation themes.

Connecting unions

What punctuation marks are put in compound sentence? It depends on the context. And in order to answer this difficult question, first of all it is necessary to understand what kind of unit this language has. If it consists of two or more simple sentences, then this is a compound sentence. At the same time, its parts have a semantic connection with each other, but they are separated by punctuation marks. In a compound sentence, in most cases, these are commas. They are put in the presence of one of the connecting unions (and, yes). Examples:

  • The autumn foliage burned in the sun with shades of green, red and yellow, and in this bright multicolor the deserted and dreary shore of the river looked so strange.
  • Take a look, and you can see so much new and interesting.
  • Elena spoke in a whisper, and her mother, too, tried not to make noise.

Anti-union alliances

These service parts are necessary for the unification and communication of homogeneous members of the proposal. They create a semantic contrast between them, emphasize the difference or inconsistency. And before such words there are always punctuation marks. In compound sentence - in the presence of opposing unions - the constituent parts are separated by a comma. Examples:

  • Ivan Petrovich's body ached with fatigue, but being in an interesting company and listening to his favorite music was so enjoyable.
  • We must finally take out all this old furniture in the trash, but other things do not leave time for domestic chores at all.
  • Colleagues treated the new teacher of history hostile, the disciples loved her with all their heart.
  • Material dependence on anyone was not in its principles, but work and a separate apartment create a sense of freedom.
  • Parents will have to take action, or else he will be expelled from school once for such academic achievement.

In addition to such service parts of speech, as well, but, yes, and not the same , the unions as well, however, also apply to the opponents .

Separation alliances

Punctuation marks in compound sentence are put before such service parts of speech as either, or, then ... then, or ... or, whether ... or, not that ... not that. If there is a double separative union, the comma is always placed before its second component. Examples:

  • Calm down, or it will be bad.
  • He then fell silent, then again he began to talk.
  • It is necessary to do something, or it will die!
  • Whether his intentions were serious, or he played again - it was unclear.

Separation punctuation marks between parts of compound sentence in the presence of a double union are placed before its second component.

Affiliations

These include unions, yes, and, also, too. Before one of them must necessarily stand a comma. Examples:

  • He liked him more and more, he, too, seemed to be not indifferent to it.
  • The appearance of this man produced a rather depressing impression, his voice was also unpleasant.

Explanatory unions

As can be seen from the title, these words are intended to clarify, clarify. Unions of this kind - namely, that is. Before them, there should always be a comma. Examples:

  • After this terrible event, the number of residents was reduced, namely - only the gentleman with an indifferent expression and two old women who could hardly hear anything remained.
  • Time was chosen for the conversation suitable, that is, it was quiet, calm and did not need to fear the arrival of uninvited guests.

In what cases are not punctuation marks written?

In complex sentences, examples of which are listed below, there is no comma. In each of them there is a connecting union. But parts of the sentence are united by a minor term, and therefore no punctuation mark is required. Examples:

  • Soon after the arrival of the train, the town was flooded with tourists and idly wandered through its streets until late in the evening.
  • His mother has huge kind eyes of nutty color and soft linen hair.
  • By that time the publishing house had published several children's books and two collections of poems.

However, in the event that the members of the proposal are united by a minor member, but the union repeats itself, the comma is put. Examples:

  • In such a frosty winter night and the wolf does not wander, and the bear does not appear from its lair.
  • In sunny windless weather and do not want to work, and the sandy beach all attracts and distracts from business.

Adjacent sentence as a general part

Common can be not only a minor term. In his role, sometimes the subordinate clause also appears. And, of course, in this case also does not put a comma. Examples:

  • It was already dawn and people were going to the bus stop when he was just returning home.
  • When the guest was seen off home, it was completely dark outside and only the moonlight lit up the way.
  • When he came on stage, his heart was beating violently and his hands trembled noticeably.

Interrogative sentence

You should know that commas before the connecting union are not always put. In some cases, punctuation marks are not required in compound sentences. Examples:

  • Who is he and why did he come without a preliminary call?
  • How did they get here and what do they need?
  • What time will the meeting take place and what will be discussed on it?
  • Magomed will come to the mountain or should the mountain go to Magomed?

In each of the above examples, the proposal consists of two question bases. Parts are combined with interrogative intonation. Therefore, punctuation marks in a compound sentence of this type are not required.

Similar to the previous examples, punctuation marks between parts of compound sentences are not required in the following sentences:

  • Dismiss all employees and new hires only after my approval! (A compelling offer.)
  • How ridiculous he is and how ridiculous his antics are! (Exclamatory sentence.)
  • They began to look for traces of the crime, but, as always, did not find anything (vaguely personal proposal).

You should know that when you repeat the connecting union between the impersonal parts of the sentence, a comma is placed. Example: And the rain, and the wind, and the haze.

Semicolon

Separation punctuation between parts of a compound sentence is not always a comma. If parts of complex construction are common sentences and have commas inside themselves, separate their semicolon. Examples:

  • All this he himself came up with, because he did not really remember what he dreamed last night; But when the mother, touched by this story, began to calm and comfort him, he almost did not cry.
  • She was unbearably sad at the moment they had last seen each other; But still something resembling relief appeared in her soul.
  • He spoke kindly to her, holding his hand, and happiness shone in his eyes; And she took everything for granted, as she was used to rapturous looks and had long ceased to appreciate them.

A comma with a dot is placed more often in front of such unions as , but, yes, and, but . And only in rare cases - before a. Examples:

  • For five years these strange works were carried out on erecting the building; But either the climate was unsuitable, or the material was substandard, but the matter did not move above the basement in any way.
  • He studied well, although he was not particularly diligent; He had never seriously worried about anything; But found him from time to time some wild uncontrollable stubbornness.
  • Drunkenness and disorder were common among the inhabitants of this village; But many necessary qualities were rare for the local inhabitants: diligence, honesty, friendliness.

The rules for putting punctuation marks in compound sentences may allow for a semicolon before the unions, yes and . But only in those rare cases when this sign stands between two sentences, which without it would be separated by a dot. Example:

  • Soon the whole park, warmed by the rays of the spring sun, came to life, and dewdrops, like diamonds, gleamed on the tulips; And the old, already somewhat neglected park seemed on this day in a festive, elegant dress.

Dash

All of the above suggestions are examples of the application of rules that a high school student should know. One of the topics that special attention is paid to in the Russian language lessons is "Punctuation marks in a compound sentence". 9th grade is an important stage in the school curriculum, when earlier knowledge is generalized and consolidated. Dash in compound sentences is a deeper theme. It is worthwhile to give at least a few examples of using this punctuation mark.

It is put in those cases, if in the second part of the sentence there is a sharp opposition or affiliation. Examples:

  • The hunter threw something into the flaming fire - and immediately everything lit up.
  • He hurried there, fled that there was urine - and there was not a soul there.

To correctly arrange punctuation in a compound sentence, you need to determine the composition of its parts. And if there are only two of them, and each of them is one-part nominative, there should be a dash between them. Examples:

  • Another moment - and he will fall at her feet.
  • Ten years of such existence - and the human soul is broken.

Splitting a sentence into two semantic parts

Sometimes in one long phrase is a description of two phenomena or actions. In such cases, the sentence is divided into two semantic parts by means of a dash. Example:

  • In the mountains, if you hit a huge stone from a huge height, it will hit another in the flight, then a third, and they will lead dozens, and then hundreds - and here a terrible stone avalanche is rapidly falling down.

But the dash can also be divided into simple constructions: "It is only necessary to say a kind word - and a person is saved."

Punctuation marks in complex and complex sentences are topics that you can master only with the help of practical exercises. Rules are remembered more quickly if you use different schemes. And although orthography and punctuation are sections of the humanities, it's worth creating simple graphic images. Especially when it comes to such a subject as "Punctuation marks in compound sentences".

Table (unions and punctuation in compound sentences)

Below is a table that contains the basic rules for using a comma, a semicolon and a dash between parts of a complex sentence. Also indicated are alliances that correspond to one or another punctuation mark.

Punctuation marks are not trumpeted Comma Semicolon Dash
Before the unions and, yes , if the parts of the sentence have a common element (the secondary term of the sentence, the subordinate part, the introductory word, the particle) Between simple sentences, before unions and, yes , too, also, moreover
Parts of the proposal are common In the second part there is an addition or opposition
The proposal consists of parts, each of which is an interrogative, motivating, exclamatory or indefinite personal offer Between simple sentences, before unions , however, not the same, moreover One or two parts are nominative sentences
The proposal consists of parts that include synonymous words Between simple sentences, before unions or, or The sentence breaks up into semantic parts
Between simple sentences, before unions , that is, that is, The proposal consists of short constructions

From all of the above, it should be concluded that in order to correctly place the punctuation marks, it is necessary to determine the type of proposal, to highlight its grammatical bases, and then to understand what kind of unions belong to the service parts of speech that connect parts of this sentence.

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