Principle of students' consciousness and activity for successful learning

For hundreds of years of its development, pedagogy has singled out a number of principles that affect the success of teaching, the assimilation of knowledge by students. All of them are interrelated, and their application in the complex provides the most complete, successful assimilation of new knowledge and skills. One of the main is the principle of consciousness and activity.

Defining the principles of learning

Principles of training are the basic provisions defining the content, methods and forms that will be used in teaching a particular subject. Based on the principles of training, the whole educational process is built, starting with the content of training and ending with the selection of the most effective forms and methods of teaching students and students.

Next we will consider the basic didactic principles - the consciousness of activity, systemativeness and others. Each principle reflects one aspect of learning and is the basis for the formation of training rules.

Basic principles of training

The basic principles of education were formed, based on the practice and experience of such teachers and psychologists as Ya.A. Comenius, V.V. Davydov, A. Disterweg, K.D. Ushinsky.

Each of their scientists proposed their classification of principles, focused on this or that feature of the human psyche, the possibilities of the mind. But, as it turned out, they are all interconnected and can not function fully without each other.

Modern pedagogical science distinguishes the following principles of education: consciousness and activity, visibility of science, systemativeness, strength, emotionality, accessibility, the connection of learning with life, the individual approach to learning. It is on them to rely on training.

The scientific principle

At the heart of the principle of scientific is the disclosure of cause-effect relationships, the penetration of the essence of phenomena, the discovery of the history of the development of science, the connection between the various fields of knowledge. All studied rules and laws must be scientifically correct and justified.

The teacher needs to acquaint the students with objective scientific facts and theories, selecting only scientifically grounded material for this, pushing the children to master the methods of scientific search.

The principle of systematicity

The principle of systematic and consistent training is determined by the logic in science, the characteristics of cognitive activity, depending on the age of the students. It assumes the systematic nature of the teacher's work both on himself and on the material, the students; Systematic in the work of students.

The principle of systematic implies teaching in a certain order. Each new lesson is a continuation of the old one. Work on the topics goes on the principle of "from facts to conclusions." Students observe phenomena and facts and come to certain conclusions.

It also means regular work with books and textbooks, observation of various phenomena. An important role is played by the skills of organization and consistency, diligence in training. With these features, the basic, basic position in teaching is closely related. Next, we will give a characterization of the principle of consciousness and activity.

To implement the principle of systematicity, it is necessary:

1. Organize the material.
2. Provide regular classes, their alternation with rest.
3. Show the system of studied science, intersubject communications.
4. Use when presenting the material of the scheme.

Principle of accessibility of training

The principle of accessibility of instruction assumes that classes are built in accordance with the age and mental abilities of students. To do this, the teacher selects the most appropriate methods and forms of training, selects the material that will be learned by the students without unnecessary efforts. At the same time, it is important that the material obtained in the course of training be built on existing knowledge about the surrounding world, the subject of study. For this it is necessary to use analogies and comparisons, to compare the new information with the already known one. The material must be submitted on the principle of "from simple to complex."

The principle of communication between learning and life

It is based on the connections of the received material with theory, production and practice. The knowledge obtained during the study of the material must be applied in practice, adapting to a particular life situation.

In many ways, the principle of consciousness and activity is based on it. If the student sees the connection between the subject and the future, he becomes interested in studying it, tries to understand what has been said by the teacher, to delve into the essence of this or that phenomenon.

The principle of visibility in teaching

The principle of visibility provides for the use of visual aids in classes - paintings or drawings, schemes, maps, graphs, models. With their help, children acquire information not only with the help of hearing, but also with the help of another channel for obtaining information - visual, which greatly increases the probability of mastering the material.

Refers to the visibility and conduct of various experiments and experiments, especially in the lessons of chemistry, biology and physics.

Today, at the disposal of teachers there are also completely new types of visibility - movies, videos, computer programs. Their use in the classroom allows not only to increase the chances of memorizing and mastering the material, but also to realize the principle of consciousness and activity, interested in learning about a particular subject.

The principle of strength of mastering skills, knowledge and knowledge

A sign of this principle is a deep and conscious assimilation of the facts and concepts studied, laws, ideas, understanding them. It is realized with the help of the repetition of the studied, the activation of the learned knowledge with the help of leading questions, the comparison of the phenomena studied with the new ones, classification and generalization.

It is thanks to this principle, before conducting a control on the topic, the students pass the lesson of systematizing the knowledge they have acquired, and they sort out their mistakes. At the end of the year, it is necessary to repeat all the material studied, in the same way as the repetition at the beginning of the year. In addition, the senior school is largely built precisely on the principle of strength of knowledge, because during the training the students repeat the material studied in grades 5-9 and deepen it.

The principle of individual approach

It is based on helping each student learn. The teacher identifies the interests of the student, gives assignments to the level and interests.

Quite often teachers are engaged with students in addition, leaving after lessons and explaining this or that topic in more detail in the event that the student does not understand it.

For the purpose of an individual approach, students are given differentiated assignments, suggest working on projects, in groups or pairs.

For the most interested students, circles or elective classes are created. All this helps to achieve not only the principle of consciousness and activity in learning, but also accessibility, systematic.

The principle of emotionality

To implement this principle, the educator needs to learn how to form the emotions of children who will be directed to study and interest in the subject.

This is achieved, first of all, by the benevolent attitude of the teacher towards the pupils, his interest in the taught subject. The appearance of the teacher is also important.

The principle of activity and consciousness

The principle of consciousness and activity in education is one of the leading in teaching. It is he who determines the direction of cognitive activity of students, which allows you to manage it.

The realization of the principle of consciousness is facilitated by an explanation of the goals and objectives of the learning process, its implications for solving life's problems.

To implement this principle, active participation of students in the learning process, positive attitude to learning, interest in the material, systematic approach to learning, the possibility of job differentiation, the use of modern technical means of instruction, the ability of the teacher to take into account the state and mood of students, knowledge of the characteristics of age. As you can see, the principle of class consciousness and activity is realized through the use of other principles of education.

The principle provides:

1. Understanding the students' learning goals.
2. Knowing how to achieve the training goal.
3. Understanding the facts and laws of the development of science and the emergence of various phenomena.
4. Knowledge acquisition and active application.

Rules of the principle of consciousness and activity

Let's consider in more detail the principle of consciousness and activity. The rules that must be followed when implementing it are as follows:

1. Students should understand the meaning of the tasks assigned to them, understand the purpose of education. The lesson always begins with posing the problem, relying on the previous experience of the students.

2. It is necessary to use all the techniques available to the teacher in order to interest students in the material being studied.

3. Students should learn not only information about objects and phenomena, but also understand their essence, the laws of their origin and development, be able to apply the knowledge gained in practice.

4. Self-monitoring and self-esteem in training are mandatory. The teacher is responsible for the formation of these skills, trying to develop in the students and the need for them.

5. The task of the teacher is the formation of interest in the learning process and the content of the subject.

6. In explaining the material, it is necessary to give as many examples as possible, to give as many exercises as possible for its assimilation.

7. Ask the question "Why?". This contributes to the activation of thought processes, which leads to the establishment of cause-effect relationships.

conclusions

Training is built on a set of principles, the most important of which can rightly be called the principle of consciousness and activity. Applying all of the principles listed in the work of the teacher guarantees success in teaching any child, regardless of the subject.