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Organic matter, their characteristics and classification

Organic substances - these are compounds that have in their composition the atom of Carbon. Even at the early stages of the development of chemistry, all substances were divided into two groups: mineral and organic. In those days it was believed that in order to synthesize organic matter It is necessary to have an unprecedented "life force", which is inherent only in living biosystems. Therefore, it is not possible to synthesize organic substances from minerals. And only at the beginning of the 19th century F. Weller denied the existing opinion and synthesized carbamide from ammonium cyanate, that is, he received an organic matter from the mineral. After that a number of scientists synthesized chloroform, aniline, acetate and many other chemical compounds.

Organic substances underlie the existence of living matter, and are also the main food for humans and animals. Most organic compounds are raw materials for various industries - food, chemical, light, pharmaceutical, etc.

Today, more than 30 million different organic compounds are known. Therefore, organic substances Represent the most extensive class of chemical compounds. The variety of organic compounds is associated with the unique properties and structure of Carbon. Neighboring Carbon atoms are bound together by single or multiple (double, triple) bonds.

Organic substances. Chemistry.

Organic compounds are characterized by the presence of C-C covalent bonds, as well as the polar covalent bonds C-N, C-O, C-Hal, C-metal, etc. Reactions involving organic substances have some characteristics in comparison with mineral ones. In the reactions of inorganic compounds, as a rule, ions participate. Often such reactions very quickly pass, sometimes instantaneously at the optimum temperature. In reactions with organic substances , molecules usually participate. It should be said that in this case, some covalent bonds are broken, while others are formed. As a rule, these reactions proceed much slower, and for their acceleration, it is necessary to raise the temperature or use a catalyst (acid or base).

How are organic substances formed in nature? Most of the organic compounds in nature are synthesized in the process of photosynthesis from carbon dioxide and water in the chlorophyll of green plants.

Classes of organic substances.

Classification of organic substances is based on the theory of Butlerov. Systematic classification is the foundation of the scientific nomenclature, which makes it possible to name the organic matter, proceeding from the existing structural formula. The classification is based on two main features - the structure of the carbon skeleton, the number and location of functional groups in the molecule.

Carbon skeleton is a stable part of a molecule of organic matter in various chemical reactions . Depending on its structure, all organic substances are divided into groups.

Acyclic compounds include substances with a straight or branched carbon chain. Carbocyclic compounds include substances with cycles, they are divided into two subgroups - alicyclic and aromatic. Heterocyclic compounds - substances whose molecules are based on rings are formed by Carbon atoms and atoms of other chemical elements (Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur), heteroatoms.

Also, organic substances are classified by the presence of functional groups that are part of the molecules. For example, classes of hydrocarbons (except in their molecules there are no functional groups), phenols, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, amines, ethers, carboxylic acids, etc. It should be remembered that each functional group (COOH, OH, NH2, SH, NH, NO) determines the physicochemical properties of this compound.

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