Natural and artificial reservoirs of the Krasnodar Territory. Use and protection of reservoirs of the Krasnodar Territory

The Krasnodar Territory has been a subject of the Russian Federation since 1937. It is located in the south-west of the country and is part of the Southern Federal District.

Types of water bodies

In order to proceed to a description of the reservoirs of this territorial unit of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to clarify what this concept is. A pond is a temporary or constant accumulation of water, standing or with a reduced runoff, in natural or artificial depressions. To the seas and oceans, too, this term is applicable, but in a broader sense. Temporary it is possible to name old men and puddles, that is those hydro objects which arise in the certain periods of year, more often in spring and autumn flood.

Edge waters

Permanent objects of this type include lakes, ponds, reservoirs and specific reservoirs of the Krasnodar Territory - estuaries. Water is divided into artificial and natural. The first include reservoirs, dams, ponds and pools.

All of the above hydro objects are found in the Kuban, most of which is occupied by the Krasnodar Territory. In the south-west and north-west the territory of the region is washed by the Black and Azov seas, respectively. These are the largest natural reservoirs of the Krasnodar Territory.

Sea of the Krasnodar Territory

The Black Sea washes the border of the region from the Psou River, which serves as the border with Abkhazia to Cape Tuzla. The Kerch Strait connects it with the Sea of Azov, which is 11 times inferior in size to the Black Sea. The Sea of Azov is the smallest sea in Russia. In ancient times it was called the Meotian swamp.

These reservoirs of the Krasnodar Territory differ sharply from each other. Thus, the deepest depth of the Black Sea is 2210 (2245) meters, while the Azov Sea is only 14. The water in the first is very salty and below 200 meters is saturated with hydrogen sulfide, while in the second natural reservoir it is desalinated by large rivers - Kuban and Don, salts Contains little. The shores of the Black Sea are mostly covered with pebbles, while Azov is covered with shell rock and sand. And if in the Black Sea there are up to 180 species of fish, 40 of which are commercial fish, then the Azov until recently was generally considered the richest in fish stocks in the country.

The largest fresh lake

In addition to the seas, large natural hydro objects are lakes. Abrau, Kardyvach and Psenodah are freshwater reservoirs of the Krasnodar Territory of this type. The largest freshwater drainless lake in the Krasnodar Territory is the Abrau pond located on the peninsula of the same name (Abrau), 14 km from Novorossiysk. The reservoir is really big - its length is 3,100 meters, width - 630. The depth in some places reaches 11 meters. The area of the mirror is 0.6 square kilometers. About its origin, scientists argue - someone considers it karst, someone - formed as a result of a landslide. There are suggestions that the lake is the remnant of the oldest Cimmerian freshwater basin. The lake is very clean, as evidenced by the presence of a large number of crayfish on the banks. In addition to them, there is also the Abrauyskiy tulka. As noted above, the lake is inland, and it flows into one single river - Durso, as well as numerous mountain streams. And yet, without natural drains, the lake becomes shallow. Melting and silting, despite the measures taken. Next to it there is a small Dolphin lake, whose depth reaches 7 meters. It is adapted to work with marine animals - it built a dolphinarium.

Interesting names

The name of the reservoirs of the Krasnodar Territory, each of them, sounds very beautiful and mysterious and is often shrouded in some legend. Lake Abrau and the river Durso flowing into it, united in the name of the rural district, are associated with a beautiful legend of unhappy love. And the name of the second largest reservoir of the Krasnodar Territory, Lake Kardyvach, is translated from the Abazinian language as "on a clearing in the hollow".

Lake Kardyvac

All reservoirs of the Krasnodar Territory are beautiful, Kardyvach is often called the lake of dreams. Located 44 km from the world famous resort of Krasnaya Polyana, located at an altitude of 1838 meters above sea level, this almost regular oval-shaped reservoir is a favorite place for tourists and part of the biosphere reserve. Often the lake is called a mirror - it, in addition to beautiful beaches, reflects the snow-capped peaks of the mountains.

The flowing Mzymta river is the longest of all rivers and streams flowing into the Black Sea. The length of the lake reaches 500 meters, width - 360, depth - 17 meters. It should be added that the lake, located at the Southern slope of the Main Caucasian Range, changes color - from emerald green to spring to bright blue in the summer.

Lake Psenodach

The third largest is the lake of the Lago-Naki-Psenodah plateau, located at an altitude of more than 1900 meters. The shape of this lake is interesting - it resembles a smile. The reservoir is shallow - not more than a meter (the greatest depth reaches 3 m). It is interesting that the lake is periodically, and often for unknown reasons, it disappears, and then again appears. And when it is and is filled with water, it is a surprisingly beautiful sight - surrounded by meadows and framed by mountain peaks, it is filled with clear and pure water.

Other lakes of the Krasnodar Territory

Near the Black and Azov Seas there are salty lakes, which were formed as a result of the emergence of an alluvial tree, which separated the water from the sea. Healing mud, located in such lakes as Khanskoe, Golubitskoe and Solenoye, Chemburka and Sudzhuk, are used for medicinal purposes. The same salty lakes with medicinal muds are also found in the steppe zones - near Armavir there are two Ubięhensky lakes - Small and Large.

There are such lakes as the Old Kuban, which was formed from the old bed of the Kuban River. It is interesting that its waters serve to cool the Krasnodar CHP. They use it for breeding fish, and recently recreational purposes (bathing and amateur fishing).

Limans

The natural reservoirs of the Krasnodar Territory are also a huge array of lagoon and floodplain natural reservoirs, called limans. They are located at the mouth of the Kuban River and occupy an area of 1300 square meters. Km. Their depth varies from 0.5 to 2.5 meters. They occurred as a result of the formation processes in place of the sea gulf of the delta of the river. It happened as a result of the formation of the shell shell, which fenced the bay from the seas - Black and Azov. There are a lot of them - some names of reservoirs of the Krasnodar Territory are given below. Limans Akhtanizovsky and Kiziltashsky, Yeisky, Biesugsky and Kirpilsky were always considered to be the largest. The whole massif of the Kuban estuaries is divided into three systems - Tamansky, Central and Akhtarsko-Griven. They unite both the lagoon estuaries near the sea, and the floodplains - remote from it. There are in the territory of the region and plavni.

Reservoirs

The artificial reservoirs of the Krasnodar Territory are represented by the following reservoirs - Atakai and Varnavinsky, Krasnodar and Kryukovsky, Neberdzhaevsky and Shapsugsky.

Only in the Kuban basin in the territory of the Krasnodar Territory there are 10 reservoirs. The largest not only in the province, but also throughout the Northern Caucasus is the Krasnodar Reservoir, which was finally filled with water and put into operation in 1975. It absorbed the Tyshk reservoir located here earlier. The purpose of its formation was to fight floods in the lower reaches of the Kuban (such tributaries of the Kuban as Belaya, Pshish, Marta, Apsas, Shunduk, Psekups flow into it) and rice growing.

Protection and use

The use and protection of water bodies of the Krasnodar Territory are carried out by the services of various departments. So, reservoirs are used to maintain the necessary water level for the possibility of navigation. All water bodies, except saline, are used for irrigation of areas with insufficient moisture, to ensure normal watering of fields, including rice fields.

The monitoring of the state of water bodies is constantly being carried out within the framework in which sanitary and epidemiological surveillance and monitoring are carried out. The state of water quality is observed at 297 points of selection. 42 are found in Category I reservoirs (household and drinking supplies), 136 - in the II category (bathing, sports, recreation of the population), 119 - III (fishery) category. From May 15 until the end of the summer holiday season, a laboratory water quality control is performed every day. Constant explanatory work with the population on inadmissibility of pollution of reservoirs is conducted.

Bad ecology

The ecological state of water bodies in the Krasnodar Territory is determined on the basis of information received by the monitoring bodies. It can be stated that there are plenty of problems in the water bodies of the region. These include the depletion of fish stocks, the degradation of water bodies - shallowing, silting, overgrowing of estuaries, swamping. The erosion of the shores, the dumping of banned urban waters, the contamination of the environment with toxic industrial waste, as well as the radioactive contamination of the territory and much more resulted in even acid rain. The most significant changes occurred in the Krasnodar Territory as a result of water and chemical land reclamation, which had a negative effect on the soil state - because of its oversaturation up to 50% of chemical fertilizers were washed into reservoirs, which could not but lead to disastrous results.