Mine surveying is a branch of mining science and technology

The history of mine surveying began long ago - 5 millennia ago. What is it - surveying or surveying. Foreign words related to technology are often of German origin. Germany at all times was the leader in the field of engineering. Therefore, many things related to different industries have German names.

What is a mine surveyor

The whole industry associated with the mining business is called mine surveying. A literal translation from German means "dividing the boundaries", or the landlayer. Mine surveying involves the definition of the deepest boundaries of mountain deposits, but it is also engaged in the precise determination of the composition of the deposit, its specific spatial position, the expediency of development - everything related to the further optimal development and operation of the field. The surveyor collects all data with subsequent technical justification, conclusions and graphical representation on the plans.

Ancient only hunting

Mine surveying is one of the oldest branches of science and technology. The first mining work dates from the 4th-3rd centuries BC. They have been preserved in some parts of the globe to the present day, calculations and sketch drawings to later developments have also remained. Some schemes, made on papyrus, are illuminated - the water was colored blue, the sand yellow. In the explanations to the drawings it is indicated that preliminary geodetic measurements were made. And if the geodesy already in the I century received its first device - the diopter, on the basis of which the theodolite was later created, then the surveying business was only being formalized, and in an independent branch it was only in the Middle Ages. With the advent of mining areas, new problems arose, new tasks were set. Often the mine was owned by several owners, and the boundaries between their sites had to be clearly defined both on the ground and in its bowels. This became the essence of the new discipline. At the same time, presumably, there was also its name - "mine surveying".

The emergence of a new discipline

There is a circle of specialists dealing only with this matter, the art of mountain measurements is being taught in medieval universities. In the 15th century the first professional instrument appeared - a mountain compass. The number of galleries required for testing in the mines and quarries of equipment has been increasing all the time, its designs have become more complex. For the competent execution of the work, professionals were needed. Since the calculations had to protect the work of a large number of people in the bowels of the earth, engineers were forced to receive higher mining education.

Russian mine surveying, like all mining and industry, received a tremendous impulse to develop under Peter I. The achievements of the German industrial school were supplemented with the discoveries of Russian craftsmen. And in Russia began to publish specialized scientific literature, workshops were created to produce precision instruments (in the workshop at the Russian Academy of Sciences compasses, quadrants, very high quality astrolabes were manufactured), higher educational institutions were opened that produced high-class engineers. In the XVIII century in Russia the first educational institution (school) is opened for training only specialists in mining and mine surveying. And in the recommendations to the chief of the mining and metallurgical industry of the Urals, an instruction was given, stipulated in the "Factory Charter" under VI point, that specialists of only the highest level should be accepted for the post of chief overseer or scribe.

The color of the domestic mine surveyor

MV Lomonosov developed a general method of survey surveying. For the formation and development of the domestic surveying, much has been done by such Russian scientists as GA Maksimovich, the author of textbooks, PA Olyshev, who invented the Russian theodolite with an eccentric tube, GA Time, who published manuals on the use of a theodolite and a compass in mine Business. Great is the contribution of VI Bauman, the organizer of two All-Union Congresses of Russian mine surveyors - in 1913 and 1921. In 1905 he published the "Course of mine surveying art", and in 1921 for the first time in Russia (the Petrograd Mining Institute) a new specialty was introduced, preparing engineers-mine surveyors. It is impossible not to note the merits of PM Lentovsky, who studied this science in France and Germany. Upon his return to his homeland, he founded the first professional magazine in mine surveying and created a leveling automaton.

In 1938 in the city of Kharkov a plant for the production of specialized equipment was opened, at which Gyrocompass M-1 and depth gauge DA-2 were produced at different times.

Worthy work - worthy payment

In tsarist Russia, the profession of an engineer was always revered and well paid. Ipatiev House is named after the engineer Ipatiev, the last owner of the mansion. The tsarist technical worker of a high level could afford to have a luxurious home and live comfortably. In Soviet times, there was no competition for the specialty "Engineer-mine surveyor". Maybe now something will change for the better.