Letters: how many letters and sounds? Sounds and letters - 1st class

Writing appeared in ancient times. The first letters were Sumerian, they were written on special clay tablets with the help of a sharpened stick, which was made of cane or reeds. Before writing, clay dostochki prepared by burning in the oven and drying. The prerequisites for the development of writing in any part of the world are the same: first people tried to depict something important with the help of drawings, then invented written signs, pictograms. These pictograms were peculiar to each language. Gradually, there was a transition from an image of one word to one picture to a word image by letters. Somewhere in the 15th century BC the first alphabet began to be composed, and this happened in the Phoenicians. The alphabet of the Slavonic language was ordered by Cyril and Methodius in 863. This was done in order to translate into the Slavic language of Greek religious books. So the Cyrillic, the mother of Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian and other Slavic languages appeared.

Alphabet

The modern Russian alphabet is an improved version of the ancient Slavonic. All letters in the alphabet are arranged in a well-defined order. In total there are 33 letters in it. Alphabetical order is necessary for ordering information, for example, for compiling dictionaries, lists, encyclopedias. With the study of the alphabet begins to study, because to learn, you must be able to read, and reading is possible only with full knowledge of letters. In the initial class all the basics are studied: letters, how many letters and sounds in different words, what sound is indicated.

Letters and Sounds

Letters are graphic images, with the help of which sounds are indicated when writing. The number of them is clearly defined by the alphabet, they are much less than sounds. For writing words, letters are used. On the question of how many letters and sounds in the Russian language, you can answer, if you understand the basics of phonetics.

The smallest unit of a language is sound, which in itself does not express a semantic meaning, it is pronounced at the time (exception - words consisting of one sound). Sounds play the most important role in the formation and writing of words. With their help, words are differentiated, their sound envelope is created and their sense-distinguishing function is carried out. Words can differ in the number of sounds they consist of, for example: a funnel-funnel, as well as a set of sounds: cake-port, rom-som, bean-password. Different words can consist of the same sounds, which are in different order: a bush is a knock, a dream is a nose. In some words one sound is pronounced, but two letters are written: a bath, a gamma. In these cases, the consonant sounds are pronounced a little "lengthened".

Sounds are formed at the moment when a person exhales, and is formed due to fluctuating air and working of the larynx with ligaments, tongue, lips and teeth.

Writing rules

Between existing letters of the Russian alphabet and the sounds by which they are pronounced, there are certain relations. Different rules for the use of this or that letter are developed. How many letters and sounds are written in single words, it is necessary to understand each case individually. There are rules for merging and separating words, using a hyphen, writing one or two "n", correctly writing a vowel at the root of a word, and other important grammar laws. All the rules are important, therefore, require careful study.

Correlation of letters and sounds

What does the "sounds-letters" ratio look like, how many letters and sounds, or rather, is their number equal in Russian, becomes clear when studying the alphabet. A full match is not observed. As already mentioned, there are 33 letters in the Russian language, and the number of sounds is definitely greater. The components of the alphabet are pronounced with 43 sounds: 37 consonants and 6 vowels. It should be noted that there are more consonant sounds than letters: 21 to 37, but vowels - less: 6 sounds against 10 letters. This is due to the fact that some vowels indicate two sounds on the letter.

On the letter most often words are written how many letters, so many sounds, that is, one letter stands for one sound. So, for example, in the word "stick" there are 5 letters and 5 sounds, each letter in the word indicates one sound.

Two letters in Russian are not pronounced at all. Such letters are the soft sign b and the solid sign b, the so-called mute letters. They play the role of a separative sign in words, a soft sign is also used to denote the softness of the sound that is in front of it. In some words, according to the rules, letters are written, but not pronounced: the heart (pronounced as a serce), the sun (as a sonata).

What letters designate several sounds

How many vowels and letters in the language are studied in the first class. Many people still remember how small children chanted vowels singly and determined the number of sounds with which they were voiced. In Russian, several sounds denote certain vowels, when pronouncing which we say not one sound. For example, the letter "I" in certain cases is pronounced with the sounds "i" and "a", the letters "y" - "y" and "y", the letter "e" - "i" and "o", "e" - "d" and "e". It is important to understand that the two vowels do not always indicate these sounds. Making a sound-letter analysis, we indicate the double-sounding of letters only in certain cases. How many letters denoting vowel sounds are determined by the rules established in the grammar of the Russian language. Thus, two vowel letters denote the letters :

• In those cases when the words stand at the beginning: language, hedgehog, yule;
• In those cases when they stand after other vowels: Bajun, cabin, ate;
• In those words in which the listed vowels are after a soft b or a solid b mark: a monkey, a blizzard, a connector.

How many sounds does the letter "AND" mean? The letter "Y"?

The special status has the letter "i" - yot. It can be used as a separate letter and as an additional designation in a sound-letter analysis. When using it as an assistant to designate the double sound of vowels, a special status of the letter appears. How many sounds and letters are used while doing this, is recorded in a sound-proof analysis. One must not forget that in the word the letter "d" can be used to convey the sound: "yot." The letter can be written before and after the vowels and denote one sound. After consonants, "d" is not used, but before consonants is often enough: a T-shirt, a seagull, a jay. The letter "and" on the letter always means one sound. There are no special rules in grammar when writing this letter.

How many letters and sounds are written in single words is determined by the rules of grammar in Russian.