Education, History
Kievan Rus: Education and History
Kievan Rus is an exceptional phenomenon of European medieval history. Occupying a geographically intermediate position between the civilizations of the East and West, it became the zone of the most important historical and cultural contacts and was formed not only on a self-sufficient internal basis, but also under the weighty influence of neighboring peoples.
Formation of tribal alliances
Education of the state of Kievan Rus and the origins of the formation of modern Slavic nationalities lie in the times when the great migration of the Slavs begins in the vast territories of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, which lasted until the end of the 7th century. A single Slavic community gradually disintegrated into eastern, western, southern and northern Slavic tribal unions.
Initially, there were temporary, random tribal groups - for military campaigns or defenses from unfriendly neighbors and nomads. Gradually, there were associations of people close in culture and life of neighboring tribes. Finally, territorial associations of proto-state type were formed-lands and principalities, which later became the cause of such a process as the formation of the state of Kievan Rus.
Briefly: the composition of the Slavic tribes
Most modern historical schools connect the beginnings of the self-consciousness of the Russian, Ukrainian and Byelorussian peoples with the breakdown of the great Slavic ethnically unified society and the emergence of a new social formation - a tribal union. Gradual rapprochement of the Slavic tribes gave rise to the state of Kievan Rus. Education of the state accelerated in the late VIII century. On the territory of the future power, seven political alliances were formed: Dulibs, Drevlyans, Croats, Glades, ulichs, Tivertsy, Siverians. One of the first was the Dulibian Union, which unites tribes inhabiting the territories from the river. Goryn in the east to Zap. Bug. The most advantageous geographical position was the tribe of glades, occupying the territory of the middle Dnieper from the river. Grouse in the north to the river. Irpin and Ros in the south. The formation of the ancient state of Kievan Rus occurred on the lands of these tribes.
The emergence of the rudiments of the state system
In the conditions of formation of tribal unions, their military and political importance grew. Most of the booty captured during the military campaigns was appropriated by the tribal chiefs and druzhinniki - armed professional soldiers who served the leaders for reward. A prominent role was played by meetings of free men-soldiers or people's gatherings (veche), on which the most important administrative and civil issues were decided. There was a separation in the interlayer of the tribal elite, in whose hands the power was concentrated. The structure of this layer included boyars - advisers and princes, princes and their volunteers.
Allocation of the Polian Union
Particularly intensively, the process of state formation took place on the lands of the Polian tribal principality. The importance of Kiev, its capital, grew. The supreme power in the principality belonged to the descendants of the Polish prince Kiya.
Between the VIII and IX centuries. In the principality there were real political preconditions for the emergence on its basis of the first Slavic state, which later received the name of Kievan Rus.
Education of the name "Rus"
The question "where did the Russian land come from", given by the chronicler Nestor, did not find an unambiguous answer to this day. Today, among historians, several scientific theories of the origin of the name "Rus", "Kievan Rus" are common. The formation of this phrase goes back to the deep past. In a broad sense, these terms were used in describing all the East Slavic territories, in a narrow one - only Kiev, Chernigov and Pereyaslavl lands were taken into account. Among the Slavic tribes, these names have become widespread and later entrenched in various toponyms. For example, the names of the rivers are Rosava. Ros, etc. The same Slavic tribes began to be called, who occupied a privileged position on the lands of the Middle Dnieper. In the opinion of scientists, the name of one of the tribes that was part of the Polian Union was dew or Russ, and later the social elite of the entire Polian Union began to call itself Rus. In the 9th century, the formation of the ancient Russian statehood was completed. Kievan Rus began its existence.
The territory of the Eastern Slavs
Geographically, all the tribes lived in the forest or forest-steppe. These natural areas proved to be favorable for the development of the economy and safe for life. It was in the middle latitudes, in the forests and forest-steppe, that the formation of the state of Kievan Rus began.
The general location of the southern group of Slavic tribes significantly influenced the nature of their relations with neighboring peoples and countries. The territory of residence of the ancient Rus was on the border between East and West. These lands are located at the crossroads of ancient roads and trade routes. But unfortunately, these territories were open and unprotected natural barriers, which made them vulnerable to incursions and raids.
Mutual relations with neighbors
During the VII-VIII centuries. The main threat to the local population was the alien peoples of the East and the South. Of particular importance for glades was the formation of the Khazar Khaganate - a strong state, located in the steppes of the Northern Black Sea Coast and in the Crimea. In relation to the Slavs, the Khazars occupied an aggressive position. First they overlaid with tribute vyatichi and siveryan, and later - and glade. The struggle against the Khazars contributed to the unification of the tribes of the Polian tribal alliance, which both traded and fought against the Khazars. Perhaps, it was from Khazaria to the Slavs that the title of lord, kagan, passed.
Relations of the Slavic tribes with Byzantium were of great importance. Repeatedly Slavic princes fought and traded with a powerful empire, and sometimes even concluded military alliances with it. In the west, the relations of the East Slavic peoples were maintained with Slovaks, Poles and Czechs.
Education of the state Kyiv Rus
The political development of the Polyanskiy princedom led to the emergence of public education at the turn of the eighth-ninth centuries, after which the name Rus was later fixed. Since Kiev became the capital of the new power, historians of the XIX-XX century. Began to call it "Kievan Rus." The country's education began in the Middle Dnieper, where Drevlyane, Siveryan and Glade lived.
The ruler of Rus had the title of Kagan (khakan), equivalent to the Grand Duke of Russia. It is clear that such a title could only be worn by the Vladyka, who by his social standing stood above the prince of the tribal alliance. The strengthening of the new state was evidenced by his active military activities. At the end of the VIII century. Ruses, led by Polansky prince Bravlin, attacked the Crimean coast and captured Korchev, Surozh and Korsun. In 838, the Rus came to Byzantium. Thus, diplomatic relations were established with the eastern empire. The formation of the East Slavic state Kievan Rus was a great event. She was recognized as one of the most powerful powers of the time.
The first princes of Kievan Rus
The representatives of the dynasty of the Kievites, who include the brothers Askold and Dir, were princes in Russia . According to some historians, they were co-rulers, although, perhaps, first reigned Dir, and then - Askold. At that time, the Norman squads appeared on the Dnieper - the Swedes, the Danes, the Norwegians. They were used to protect trade routes and as mercenaries for raids. In 860, Askold, leading an army of 6-8 thousand people, carried out a march on Costantino. While in Byzantium, Askold got acquainted with the new religion - Christianity, received baptism and tried to bring a new faith that could be accepted by Kievan Rus. Education, the history of the new country began to experience the influence of Byzantine philosophers and thinkers. From the Empire to the Russian land priests and architects were invited. But these events Askold and did not bring much success - among the nobility and commoners was still strong influence of paganism. Therefore, Christianity came later in Kievan Rus.
The formation of the new state determined the beginning of a new era in the history of the Eastern Slavs - an era of full-fledged state-political life.
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