Indicators of a general blood test: the norm in children and adults

When a person seeks a doctor if there are any symptoms, the doctor appoints him a compulsory study. The general or common analysis of a blood just is included into the list of these procedures. After all, according to the results of research, a doctor can find out information about the condition of a person as a whole. Even an experienced specialist can not correctly diagnose a patient only on the basis of a blood test, but nevertheless this one shows in which direction one should move.

Preparation for blood donation for the study

For the results of the study to give the maximum information to the doctor about the patient's condition, it is necessary to prepare for it. There are certain indicators of a general blood test. The norm of this data is different for adults and children. Based on the indicators when comparing the patient's research data, the doctor determines whether there are deviations from these generally accepted norms. In order not to distort the results of the analysis, which can lead to the formulation of an incorrect diagnosis, it is extremely difficult to take medications and alcohol on the eve of blood donation. There are still some criteria for preparing the delivery of material for research, here are the main ones:

1. Blood is taken from the patient in the morning on an empty stomach. It is advisable not to have supper with fatty or spicy food. Smoked meat or canned food is contraindicated.
2. The consumption of alcoholic beverages is prohibited about a day before the donation of blood.
3. It is not advisable to smoke, drink coffee and tea before the necessary manipulation, because all this can negatively affect the parameters of the general blood test, the norm of which will be far from compliance. Immediately before the test, you can drink plain water without gases.
4. Before the procedure of collecting blood, it is undesirable not to be nervous. If you took a very long time to the point of delivery, you need to rest a little.
5. Extremely negative can affect the result of a general blood test, the norm of these data will be discussed below, any occupation of physical culture and sports, X-rays.
6. Taking medication is not advisable, but in case of emergency it is necessary to warn in advance about this the laboratory worker taking blood for analysis.

How is blood taken from patients?

In the laboratory where the tests are performed, all manipulations of antiseptic processing and hygiene, including quartz, should be performed. A clinical or general blood test (the norm of a child and an adult person is different) is done by getting it from the vein or from the finger. The laboratory assistant should work in sterile disposable gloves. To do this, they must be treated with a solution with a certain content of ethyl alcohol.

The analysis of blood from an anonymous finger is done using a special tool - a scarifier. The lab technician pierces a finger, then after the appearance of the first drop of blood, brings a special pipette to the puncture and collects the material into a container that resembles a tube in shape. Venous blood is taken by a syringe or by a vacuum blood sampling system, consisting of a needle, a cylinder and various test tubes. For example, to take blood and further to learn the result of a general blood test, the rate of which has long been clinically determined, use a vacuum violet container with additives. The vacuum fence system is much preferable to a sterile syringe, because:

1. Taking blood from the patient is safer for the lab technician, since there is no direct contact with the material.
2. The blood cells, of which the blood consists, are not damaged by contact with oxygen, since it is absent to this system.

Taken in such ways, blood in patients is examined for:

1. The level of hemoglobin.
2. Definition of ESR.
3. Counting the number of blood cells in the blood using a microscope, etc.

Purpose of analysis

What is the norm of a general blood test? The survey determines the parameters of any person who talk about his condition and the alleged diseases. Based on the results, it is estimated:

1. The number of red blood cells.
2. Hemoglobin - the amount of substance contained in red blood cells and responsible for the movement of oxygen from the lungs to all human organs.
3. The number of white bodies in the blood, a special formula of leukocytes is determined. These are the defenders of the body, increasing their number - evidence of inflammatory processes.
4. Platelets are plates that are responsible for clotting of blood when the vessels are damaged.
5. Hematocrit is a certain ratio of the volume of blood cells to plasma.
6. The sedimentation rate of red bodies (erythrocytes). When a general blood test is done, the rate of ESR is estimated from the rate of fall of red corpuscles to the bottom of the vessel, these data allow an assessment of certain blood properties.

Clinical blood test. Explanation

Only the doctor can understand the meaning of all data on the diagnosis of possible diseases. Not always the indicators of a general blood test, the norm of these data, suggest that a person is healthy, only a specialist can judge this. But some information modern man is still obliged to have. Let us consider in more detail what they are.

Hemoglobin

This is the main respiratory protein found in red blood cells, it is he who carries oxygen for human organs. The main part of it is iron, when the erythrocytes enter the lungs, it mixes with oxygen and moves along the tissues and organs of the body. Low hemoglobin is anemia, leading to an oxygen deficiency in the body. And an increased indicator indicates that the body is dehydrated. Therefore, all indicators of a general blood test are very important. Norm of hemoglobin level:

- for men: 132-153 g / l;

- in women: 119-141 g / l;

- in newborns: 211-216 g / l;

- children under one year: 126-128 g / l;

- over 2 years: 117-133 g / l.

Protein

This is an indicator of its metabolism, that is - the total number of proteins contained in the serum. It is very important to produce a protein-specific blood test. Protein (normal, elevated, lowered) is the most important laboratory indicator by which you can determine:

1. Blood fluidity and viscosity.
2. The volume of blood.
3. Participation in immune reactions.
4. Coagulation factors, etc.

Elevated protein in the blood is less common than low protein . This indicator can talk about infectious diseases, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, etc. Lowering the protein provokes chronic bleeding, inflammatory processes, fever, poisoning, etc.

Determination of protein concentration in plasma is an important blood test. Total protein, the norm of which is an average number and varies from age: adult - 64-85 g / l; The child is 45-80 g / l. In the common people it is called biochemistry.

Erythrocytes

This is the breadwinners of the human body with oxygen, in addition, red blood cells remove carbon dioxide. A low rate leads to the appearance of various anemias. And increasing them can lead to thrombosis. Rise of erythrocytes can be caused by physiology and pathology. In the first case, an increase in red blood cells can occur with physical exertion, profuse perspiration, emotional stress. A pathological erythrocytosis can talk about blood diseases, such as Vakez disease. In addition, these data may indicate heart disease, chronic lung diseases, etc. A very important diagnosis is at the initial stage of the disease, therefore it is very important to reveal the number of red blood cells, making an overall blood test. The norm of the child and adult differs from each other. The number of erythrocytes in men is 4.01-5.07 * 10 at the twelfth degree / l; In women - 3,7-4,6 * 10 in the twelfth degree / l; In children older than 2 years, 4.1 * 10 in the 12th degree / liter.

Hematocrit

Blood is a mixture of the liquid component, that is, plasma and cells. This ratio is the hematocrit. This number is expressed in percentage, for example, the norm of hematocrit:

- for women - from 34-45% (this means that the number of erythrocytes in the blood - 38-49%);

- for men - 37-49%.

Elevated hematocrit occurs with dehydration of the body. A decrease in this indicator signals a possible anemia.

The sedimentation rate of the erythrocyte tube

A common blood test is the norm of ESR - a number that says how quickly blood is distributed to the plasma and the lower layer. Previously, it had another abbreviation - ROE. The total blood test (ROE), the norm of the reaction of erythrocyte sedimentation, is also different for children and adults, for example for men it is 2-8 mm for 1 hour, for children 2-12 mm / h. The presence of elevated indicators indicates inflammatory processes of the body, poisoning, infections. Low indications of sedimentation rate can be associated with starvation, loss of muscle mass, etc.

Bilirubin

For the normal functioning of the human body requires various components and vitamins, which for obvious reasons come not only with the air. A man needs food, together with it he receives the bulk of useful substances, including iron. It is the lack of this component or insufficient exchange of it in the body that can lead to the appearance of icteric syndrome - this is the main characteristic of overestimated bilirubin in the blood. Therefore, it is very important to analyze the blood. Bilirubin common (normal, elevated or lowered) will help to identify pathologies of various diseases. This pigment, which is part of the bile, is excreted from the body with it.

Not all kinds of jaundice are pathologies, for example, in newborns the bilirubin index is overestimated, but this is just a physiological condition, which very soon will pass itself. But, if nothing has changed within a couple of days, an urgent blood test is needed: bilirubin is common. Norm or increased value - this analysis will show. With an unregulated exponent, urgent treatment is necessary.

Each laboratory has its own data analysis standards, this may be due to a different methodology for calculating common indicators. In these cases, the interpretation of the results is carried out according to specified standards.