Human Analyzers: a general outline of the structure and a brief description of the functions

Human analyzers are specific structures of the nervous system, the main function of which is to perceive information and form appropriate reactions. Thus the information can go both from an environment, and from within the organism.

General structure of the analyzer . The very concept of "analyzer" appeared in science thanks to the well-known scientist I. Pavlov. It was for the first time that he defined them as a separate system of organs and singled out a general structure.

Despite the variety of sensory organs, the structure of the analyzer is usually quite typical. It consists of a receptor compartment, a conducting part and a central department.

• The receptor, or peripheral part of the analyzer is a receptor that is adapted to the perception and primary processing of certain information. For example, the ear curl reacts to a sound wave, the eyes to light, the skin receptors to pressure. In receptors, information about the effect of the stimulus is processed into a nerve electrical impulse.
• The conductor parts are the analyzer sections, which are the nerve pathways and endings that go to the subcortical structures of the brain. An example is the visual as well as the auditory nerve.
• The central part of the analyzer is the area of the cortex on which the information is projected. Here, in the gray matter, the final processing of information and the selection of the most appropriate reaction to the stimulus are carried out. For example, if you press your finger to something hot, then the skin thermoreceptors will signal to the brain, from which the team will come to pull the hand.

Human analyzers and their classification . In physiology, it is common to divide all analyzers into external and internal ones. External human analyzers react to those stimuli that come from the external environment. Let us consider them in more detail.

• The visual analyzer . The receptor part of this structure is represented by the eyes. The human eye consists of three membranes - protein, blood and nervous. The amount of light that enters the retina is regulated by the pupil, which is able to expand and contract. A beam of light breaks on the cornea, the lens and the vitreous. Thus, the image gets on the retina, which contains a lot of nerve receptors - rods and cones. Thanks to chemical reactions, an electrical impulse is formed here, which follows the optic nerve and is projected in the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex.
• The auditory analyzer . The receptor here is the ear. The outer part of it collects sound, the middle part represents the path of its passage. Vibration moves along the analyzer's sections until it reaches the curl. Here, oscillations cause the movement of the otoliths, which forms a nerve impulse. The signal goes along the auditory nerve to the temporal lobes of the brain.
• Olfactory analyzer . The inner shell of the nose is covered with a so-called olfactory epithelium, the structures of which react to the molecules of the odor, creating nerve impulses.
• Flavoring analyzers of man . They are represented by taste buds - a cluster of sensitive chemical receptors that react to certain chemicals.
• Tactile, painful, temperature human analyzers are represented by the corresponding receptors located in different layers of the skin.

If we talk about internal human analyzers, then these are the structures that respond to changes within the body. For example, in muscle tissue there are specific receptors that react to pressure and other indicators that vary within the body.

Another vivid example is the vestibular apparatus, which reacts to the position of the whole body and its parts relative to space.

It should be noted that human analyzers have their own characteristics, and the effectiveness of their work depends on the age, and sometimes on the gender. For example, women distinguish more shades and scents than men. Representatives of the same strong half, have more taste buds.