Types and forms of communication: examples. Communication as a form of communication

Communication as a form of communication involves the exchange of information, thoughts, values, feelings. This term has Latin roots. In a literal translation, the concept of communication means "common," "shared by all." The exchange of information leads to a mutual understanding necessary to achieve the goal. Let's consider further features of communication in the organization.

general characteristics

In a broad sense, the concept of communication is associated with the implementation of changes, influencing the activities to achieve the prosperity of the firm. In the narrow sense, its goal is to achieve an accurate understanding by the receiving party of the message sent to it. Means, forms of communication are very diverse. In complex, they form a rather complex and multilevel system.

Classification of communications

It is carried out according to various criteria. Types of communication are distinguished by the composition of participants. So it can be mass, group and interpersonal. Communication types are distinguished depending on:

1. Method of establishing and maintaining contact. By this criterion, direct (direct) and remote (mediated) communications are distinguished.
2. Initiative of the participants. Passive and active interactions are distinguished by this feature.
3. Degrees of organization of information exchange. This criterion makes it possible to distinguish between organized and casual communications.
4. Sign systems used. On this basis, non-verbal and verbal interactions are singled out.

In addition, there are forms of communication. Interaction can be carried out in the form of discussion, negotiations, briefing, meeting, meeting, conversation, business correspondence, reception on personal matters, press conference, telephone conversation, presentation and so on.

Interpersonal exchange of information

The condition for successful communication of this type is the creation by participants of a common reality, outside of which interaction can not take place at all. This premise is called by researchers the contractual aspect of the exchange. The basic forms of communication and their effectiveness are determined by the parameters of individuals. The key ones are functional, motivational and cognitive features. The latter includes various characteristics through which the inner world of the personality is formed in the course of accumulating cognitive experience. Speech, in particular, on the knowledge of communicative codes, self-awareness, introspection, metacommunication skills, the ability to adequately assess the capabilities of a partner. These characteristics should also include prejudices and myths, beliefs and stereotypes.

The motivational parameter is determined by the needs of individuals. If they are absent, then, accordingly, there is no interaction or pseudocommunication is present. The functional indicator includes 3 characteristics. They determine the competence of the individual. Such characteristics are the practical possession of verbal and non-verbal communication tools, the ability to build discourse in accordance with the rules of etiquette and code norms.

Group interaction

It arises in the process of direct communication of a small number of subjects who know each other well and constantly exchange information. As a lower limit of such communication, a dyad or triad usually appears. The first involves the interaction of two, and the second - the three individuals. The upper limit will depend on the nature of the group's activities. All forms of communication in the group, other than informative, implement other functions. For example, in the course of interactions, consent is formed, unity of action is ensured, and a certain culture is formed.

Networks

In a small group, various information is spread over communicative systems. They can be centralized or decentralized. In the first case, the subject circulates around him important for the group information. Centralized networks are divided into:

1. Frontal. Within the framework of such a system, the participants do not enter into contact, however they are within sight of each other.
2. Radial. In such a system, information is transferred to the participants of the group through the central entity.
3. Hierarchical. These structures assume two or more levels of subordination of participants.

In decentralized networks, the members of the group are equal. Each participant can receive, process and transfer data, communicate directly with other subjects. Such a system can be in the form:

1. Chains. Within the framework of such a structure, the information is distributed sequentially from participant to participant.
2. Circle. Within the framework of such a system, all members of the group have the same opportunities. Information at the same time can be infinitely circulated among the participants, refined, supplemented.

A decentralized data exchange system can be complete. In this case, there are no obstacles to free interaction.

Specificity

The choice of one or another network will depend on the form of communication, the goals of data exchange. On centralized systems, it is advisable to transmit information when the information should be communicated to all people, it is necessary to unite participants organizationally, to stimulate the development of leadership. Meanwhile, it is worth noting that realization of creative and complex tasks is significantly hampered within the framework of centralized networks. Frequent use of such systems can reduce the satisfaction of subjects from participating in the group. Decentralized networks are used to solve creative and complex tasks in practice. They are also effective for improving participants' satisfaction, developing interpersonal relationships.

Exchange of information in the organization

The process of interaction in the company can be conditionally divided into planned (formal) dissemination of information and informal (unplanned) data transmission. In the first case, standard forms (forms) are used. Communications in this case will take relatively little time. The use of standard forms gives a number of advantages for the recipient of information. In particular, the subject can specify the category of information that he needs in his work. The lack of flexibility is a key shortcoming of this form of communication.

Informal interaction

Often, information on indirect channels is transmitted at very high speed. Informal communication networks are also called channels for spreading rumors. At the same time, the trust of participants in interaction with informal sources is often higher than in official sources.

Spheres of data exchange

Communication processes can be divided into two large areas: internal and external. The first involves interaction within the enterprise. External communication is a system of relations between the structure and external actors. And in these and other spheres, various data exchange channels can be used.

Flow directions of information

On this basis, communications are divided into vertical and horizontal. The first, in turn, includes upward and downward flow of information. In the latter case, the information flow moves from one level to another, the lower one. An example can be the interaction of the leader with his subordinates. The upstream direction of the transfer of information is used to provide feedback to employees of the employee. Such methods of communication are used to bring tasks to subordinates, inform management about the results of work and actual problems. The horizontal direction assumes interaction of the participants having equal rank, and also equivalent groups.

Mass information exchange

It is carried out using technical means. Information at the same time applies to dispersed and large in number of audiences. Mass communications are also characterized by:

1. The social importance of information.
2. The choice and multi-channel communication capabilities.

Participants in this interaction are not individuals, but collective subjects. For example, it could be the army, the people, the government. The social significance of such an exchange of information is in accordance with specific public expectations and requests.

Mass communication, especially in modern times, is characterized by multi-channeling. In particular, audial, visual, audio-visual, written, oral forms of communication are used. The sender of the data is a social institution or a mythologized subject. As the recipients are the target groups, which are united on a number of socially significant signs.

Mass interaction functions

The following communication tasks are distinguished:

1. Informational. This function consists in providing a mass listener, viewer, reader with up-to-date information about a wide range of activities.
2. Regulatory. Mass exchange of data affects the formation of consciousness of the individual and the group, public opinion, the creation of stereotypes. This allows you to manage social behavior. People usually accept those ethical requirements, norms, principles that are promoted in the media as a positive stereotype of the style of clothing, way of life, communication, etc. This is how a person's socialization takes place in accordance with the norms preference is given at this historical stage.
3. Culturological. This function involves familiarizing the community with the achievements of art and culture. It promotes the consciousness of the need for continuity of values and preservation of traditions.

QMS

In mass communication, special means are used, which are channels and transmitters, through which information is spread over large areas. The modern system includes several links. In particular, the QMS includes media, informatics and telecommunications. The first include the press, audio-visual channels (radio, teletext, etc.), information services. The media consist of technical means of fixing, replicating, copying, storing data, as well as permanent, systematic distribution of large volumes of musical, verbal, figurative information.