How to translate sentences from Russian into English? Brief instruction

When translating it is important to select semantically, grammatically and stylistically correct words. In order to use unfamiliar words, it is advisable to resort to the help of explanatory dictionaries, grammars and combinability guides. Further, in order to understand how to translate sentences from Russian into English, one can consider a general algorithm for constructing a sentence. It is based on the separation of the sentence for the components, their correct and relatively synchronous translation and reproduction of the sequence of appearance of members in the English syntax.

Step -0- Analysis

How to translate sentences from Russian into English? First, we analyze the Russian proposal. What type of information does it contain - assertion, negation, question, request / order or conditional statement? We differentiate the terms of the sentence:

1) the predicate answers the question "what does?", "In what state is it?", "What happens?";

2) the subject answers the question "who?", "What?";

3) the supplement answers the question "who?", "What?", "Who?", "What?", "For whom?", "For what?", "By whom?", "What?", "By means of What? ";

4) the circumstance answers the question "where?", "When?", "Why?", "Why?", "How?", "To what extent?";

5) the definition answers the question "what?", "Whose?".

Determine the security. In an active pledge, the subject is the actor himself, in passive voice he takes action. We determine the time - the present, the past, the future, the conditional ("would"). Define an aspect - an indefinite (in general), lasting (concrete process), completed (effect, experience), completed lasting (the effect of a lengthy process), it depends on the meaning that the sentence carries.

Translation into English can be carried out in the following stages.

Step -1- Circumstance in the first position

If the circumstance is an accent, it is put on the first place. If this is a circumstance of the place, the predicate can go before the subject.

Step -2- Subject

The subject is put. Proposals in English require subject matter in almost any situation. Therefore, if the sentence is impersonal, a formal subject is put - usually 'It'. In the question before the subject there is an appropriate auxiliary verb.

Step -3- The predicate

Next comes the predicate. If the predicate is not expressed by a verb, the verb-bundle is used. The person, number and time are reflected by the first verb of the predicate. Additional auxiliary verbs depend on the time and the pledge. If it is necessary to express a negation, this happens either by adding to the auxiliary verb the particle 'not', or by introducing another suitable negative word ('no', 'no one', 'nothing', 'nobody', 'neither', 'never' ) Before the desired word. Verbs can have dependent words expressed in an adverb or group of adverbs that are placed before the verb. In the passive voice, the verb is used in the past participle, and before it is put 'be' in the appropriate form. If there are several auxiliary verbs, 'be' comes last.

Step -4- Addition

A predicate is put on the complement (if any), it can be attached directly or - if the predicate can not take direct additions - via the appropriate preposition.

Step -5- Circumstance

If time is not expressed by circumstance, it goes after the addition. If in the sentence more than one addition, they usually alternate in the following sequence: the mode of action, the place, the time. However, in order to emphasize, they can be interchanged.

Step -6- Definition

The definition does not have a clear position in the sentence, because it refers to the noun. The noun, in turn, can be a member of any member. The definition can be expressed by a possessive pronoun (My, Our, Your, His, Her, Their) or an adjective. In the event that one word has several definitions-adjectives that go in a row, usually the order is established between them: size, shape, age, color, nationality, material. Subjective adjectives expressing an opinion ('bad', 'good', 'nice') go to objective and descriptive ('clean', 'comfortable').

Other constructions

How to translate sentences from Russian into English in the imperative and subjunctive moods? In requests, orders and orders (imperatives), the subject is omitted, and the verb always stands in the basic form. Conditional sentences express an assumption or probability / improbability. Depending on the situation, it is possible to use various constructions - the inverse of the subject and the predicate, the conjugate inclination, the passed indefinite time, the if / if unions and the modal verbs "should", "would".

If desired, any member can be put on the first place, logically singling it out thereby, with the introduction of certain designs.

Some situations require a more formal style. How to translate sentences from Russian into English, if you need to reflect polite treatment? For this, in the English language, just like in Russian, the elapsed time is used, in this case - the past indefinite ('could you', 'I was wondering', 'did you').