How is specific immunity created?

оберегает нас от вредных воздействий извне, называется иммунитетом. The protective system of the body, which protects us from harmful external influences, is called immunity. The stronger, the stronger the defensive force, the healthier the person. специфический иммунитет , каждый вид одинаково важен. There is nonspecific and specific immunity , each species is equally important. In order for our body to cope with bacteria and viruses in time and prevent the disease from developing, immunity must be constantly strengthened. The formation of immunity, its renewal occurs throughout life. и неспецифический иммунитет. In the article we will analyze in more detail how specific and nonspecific immunity is formed. функцией? What should you do to ensure that he copes with his protective function on time?

The concept of specific immunity

Both specific and non-specific immunity form starts from stem cells. In the future, their paths diverge: the nonspecific sends its cells into the spleen, the road of a specific one into the thymus or the thymus gland. There, each of them turns into antibodies, which already perform their protective functions. а своем пути иммунная система встречает микроорганизмов, тем больший запас антител у нее появляется для борьбы с различными заболеваниями. The more on its way the immune system meets microorganisms, the greater the supply of antibodies it has to fight against various diseases. This is the answer to the question, why homemade, effeminate children are more often ill than those that grow in nature, in the fresh air.

(специфический) иммунитет – это способность организма не воспринимать определенные инфекции, формируется она всю жизнь. Acquired (specific) immunity is the body's ability not to perceive certain infections, it is formed all life. Specific immunity in medicine is divided into two types: active and passive. How is specific immunity created ? Specific immunity is associated with phagocytosis. It appears after the transferred diseases or during vaccination, when we introduce weakened bacteria and viruses. Once the immune system encounters the pathogen, antibodies are produced. Repeated disease caused by these same viruses, will take place in a lighter form or completely bypasses the body. Antibodies that already exist in the body quickly neutralize the enemies.

Passive specific immunity

For the formation of passive immunity in the body, already prepared antibodies are artificially introduced. For example, antidiphtheria serum is used. Also, passive immunity forms breastfeeding, along with the mother's milk, the child is already getting ready protective antibodies.

специфический иммунитет - это реакция на определенного возбудителя. Active specific immunity is a reaction to a particular pathogen. So, for example, it appears after vaccination against smallpox. It should be remembered that the presence of antibodies in the blood, their active work, resistance to pathogens depends on the general state of the immune system, its health.

Nonspecific immunity

пецифического иммунитета связано с фагоцитозом. The formation of nonspecific, as well as with specific immunity is associated with phagocytosis. м от родителей с генами, составляет он 60% всех наших защитных сил. Innate (nonspecific) immunity is transmitted on m from parents with genes, it is 60% of all our defenses.

Phagocytes are cells that absorb foreign organisms. They are formed from stem cells, and "instruction" takes place in the spleen, where they learn to recognize strangers.

Nonspecific immunity works effectively and simply: it detects antigens and immediately removes them. An important mission and feature of nonspecific immunity is the ability to fight and destroy tumor cancer cells.

How protection is organized in our body

On the path of microbes, the first barrier is our skin, and also the mucous membranes. In addition to mechanical protection, they still have bactericidal properties, provided that they are not damaged. Protection is provided by the secrets of the sebaceous and sweat glands. For example, after 15 minutes on contact with a healthy skin, the causative agent of typhoid fever is killed. Mucous secretions are prominent, which are extremely harmful to microbes.

If the microbes are highly pathogenic or their attack is too massive, the mucosal and skin barriers become insufficient. In such cases, bacteria and viruses enter the body. There is inflammation, which involves the inclusion of complex mechanisms of immunity. For work are taken leukocytes, phagocytes, there is the development of special substances (immunoglobulin, interferon) to combat the "enemy". Such reactions of the body cause nonspecific immunity.

At the same time, specific immunity is connected, which forms defense factors - antibodies directed at combating a specific microbe. In many ways, the effectiveness and speed of antibody production will depend on whether the organism has already visited the pathogen. Specific immunity is provided by Already available antibodies. Familiar pathogens will be quickly destroyed. If the collision was not yet, then the body takes time to develop antibodies and to fight a new unfamiliar "enemy."

Structure of the immune system

Specific immunity is provided by lymphocytes about one of the following: humoral or cellular. The entire immune system is represented as a complex of lymphoid tissue and lymphoid organs. Refer here:

• Bone marrow;

• spleen;

• Thymus;

• The lymph nodes.

Also in the immune system are included:

• Nasopharyngeal tonsils;

• Lymphoid plaques in the intestine;

• Lymphoid nodules located in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tracts, respiratory tube;

• Lymphoid diffuse tissue;

• Lymphoid cells;

• Interepithelial lymphocytes.

The main elements in the immune system can be called lymphoid cells and macrophages. Lymphoid organs are for "lymphoid cells" "warehouses".

What weakened immunity

Because of what does a person weaken the immune system? к которым можно отнести: The body loses its protective properties due to a number of reasons, which include:

• Malnutrition, lack of vitamins and minerals;

• Abuse of hormonal drugs and antibiotics;

• Chronic stress and fatigue;

• Exposure to radiation conditions, atmospheric pollution.

In addition, immunity may decrease after surgery, anesthesia, with large blood loss, burns, injuries, intoxications and infections, with frequent colds, chronic diseases. Especially the decrease in immunity is manifested after SARS and influenza.

Separately, it is necessary to allocate children's immunity. During the development of the child, five stages are singled out, when the immunity can decrease to a critical level:

• Age up to 30 days;

• From 3 to 6 months;

• For 2 years of life;

• From 4 to 6 years;

• In adolescence.

малыши, которые заболевают четыре раза за год и более. In pediatrics, even the concept of BCD (often ailing children), this includes babies, who fall ill four times a year or more.

Strengthening immunity

пецифического иммунитета. To strengthen protective functions, it is necessary to take measures to strengthen nonspecific and with specific immunity.

Nonspecific immunity is strengthened if the overall resistance of the body increases. ч то нужно укрепить иммунитет, имеют ввиду именно неспецифический вид. As a rule, when they say that it is necessary to strengthen immunity, they mean precisely a non-specific type. What is required for this:

• Observance of the daily routine;

• High-grade food - the maintenance in nutrition of necessary quantity of minerals, vitamins, amino acids;

• ятия спортом, закаливание организма; Sports, hardening of the body;

• ем препарат ов, укрепляющи х и усиливающих иммунитет, например с бета-каротином; Taking medications that strengthen and strengthen immunity, for example with beta-carotene;

йте частого приема антибиотиков, придержива й т е с ь только назначений врача. Avoid frequent antibiotic use, adhering only to prescribing.

Strengthening (creating) specific immunity

Specific immunity is created by administering the vaccine. He acts purposefully against any disease. It should be borne in mind that when carrying out active vaccination, that is, when introducing weakened pathogens of the disease, the protective reactions of the body immediately go to the production of antibodies to combat the disease. As a result, the body's response to other infections is temporarily weakened. Therefore, before carrying out the vaccination, it is necessary to increase and strengthen your own nonspecific immunity. Otherwise, it is possible to quickly catch a virus.

The ability of immunity to resist any "intrusion" largely depends on such a factor as the age of a person. различных заболеваний. For example, the immunity of a newborn has only those antibodies that were transmitted to him from the mother, so in infancy there is a high probability of various diseases. It has long been customary not to show the kid to strangers in the first month and not take it out of the house to protect it from various specific antigens. People in old age have decreased activity of the thymus gland, so they often become vulnerable to various viruses. When choosing immunocorrection, these features of the age must be taken into account.

Inoculations

Vaccination is a reliable way to acquire specific immunity and the ability to protect against a particular disease. Active immunity is formed due to the development of antibodies to the introduced weakened virus. By itself, it is not capable of causing the disease, but it contributes to the inclusion of immunity, which reacts specifically to this disease.

а также небольшие побочные эффекты в легкой форме. It is important to remember that after any vaccination there may be a reaction, as well as minor side effects in a mild form. This is normal, do not panic. ослабленных детей часто обостряются хронические заболевания после прививок, потому что силы основного иммунитета направляются на выработку антител к введенному препарату. Weakened children often exacerbate chronic diseases after vaccinations, because the forces of basic immunity are directed to the development of antibodies to the drug administered. Healthy children respond better, the incidence of side effects does not exceed 2%. In order to avoid complications, the body must be prepared, normalize nonspecific immunity. To do this, all the measures described above will do.