Historical and cultural process and periodization of Russian literature. Periodization of Russian literature of the 19th and 20th centuries: table

Russian literature is a great asset of the entire Russian people. Without it, since the 19th century, the world culture is inconceivable. The historical and cultural process and the periodization of Russian literature have their own logic and characteristics. Beginning more than a thousand years ago, its phenomenon continues to develop and within the time frame of our days. It will be the subject of this article. We will answer the question of what periodization of Russian literature (RL) is.

general information

At the very beginning of the narrative, we have generalized and presented the periodization of Russian literature. The table, compactly and visually demonstrating the main stages of its development, illustrates the development of the cultural process in Russia. Next, consider the information in detail.

The periodization of Russian literature is as follows:

Sub-stages within the period	Literary styles	Bright poets and writers
The preliterary period
Until the 11th century AD. E.	Legends, epics	Authorship was lost
Period of Church and Religious Literature
11th-17th century	The invention of writing Canonical Writing School Historical chronicles. "The word about the shelf Igoreve "	Monks of Cyril and Methodius Monks Anthony and Theodosius (Kiev-Pechersk Lavra) Monk Nestor
The Enlightenment Period
18th century	Development of poetry and theory Versification Formation of Russian dramaturgy Civil journalism	Lomonosov, Trediakovsky, Cantemir Fonvizin Radishchev
Beginning 19 th century - 90's. 19th century. The Century of Golden Russian Literature
Three-style literary creativity (until the 20-ies of the 19 th century)	Sentimentalism Classicism Romanticism	Karamzin Derzhavin Ryleyev
Pushkin's stage (20-30s of the 19th century) After Pushkin's death, Lermontov and Gogol	New style - Russian realism	Russian language adapts to poetry in its rhythm The novel "Eugene Onegin", "The Tale of Belkin" "Hero of Our Time", "Dead Souls"
The period of Russian classics of the 40's. 19th century	Development of existing styles The main is Russian realism	Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Chekhov, Tyutchev, Fet, Ostrovsky, Turgenev, Nekrasov, Saltykov-Shchedrin
Literature of the 20th century (the 90s of the 19th century - the 90s of the 20th century)
The Silver Age (the 90s of the 19 th century - 1921)	A splash of poetic creativity	Gumilev, Akhmatova, Tsvetaeva, Yesenin
The period of two Russian literatures: Soviet and emigrant. 1921 (literary magazines became part-party) - 1953 (Stalin's death)	The forced giving socialist realism the status of the dominant style in literature	The first novel of socialist realism - "Mother" Gorky
A short period of thaw, replaced by stagnation	Attempts by poets and writers to create in styles other than socialist realism Preservation of the domination of socialist realism	Poets: Evtushenko, Ahmadullin, Rozhdestvensky, Ascension, Galich Writers: Pasternak, Rybakov, Solzhenitsyn, Astafyev, Shukshin
New Russian Literature
90th years of the 20th century - our time	Such styles develop: romanticism (in the form of fantasy, action movie, horror), realism (blogging, journalism, modern detective), postmodern (most modern novels)	Pelevin, Ulitskaya, Akunin, Lukyanenko, others

The purpose of this article is to provide a brief description of the development stages of the RL presented in the table.

Russian literature in antiquity

• The preliterary stage, it is characterized by the lack of writing and the formation of an oral epic (epic and legends, transmitted orally from generation to generation). This period ended with the invention of Old Russian writing in the framework of the adoption of Christianity (10th century AD).
• Old Russian literature (11-17th century). The main genres were chronicles, as well as church and religious texts.

More about the ancient Russian literature. Dawn of creativity

Two events contributed to the creation of Old Russian literature (DRL) as a cultural phenomenon: the invention of writing and the translation of Christian religious texts (originally the DRL had a strictly canonical character). In other words, the periodization of Russian literature has its starting point on the timeline.

Written language was created by the ancient Greek monks - the brothers Cyril and Methodius at the request of the Moravian (present-day Czech Republic), Prince Rostislav, and the blessing of the one hundred and seventh Pope Adriana II at the end of the IX century. Almost at the same time, the Psalter, the Gospel, was translated into a new language. Through the communication of the monasteries at the end of the 9th century, the writing penetrated into the territory of Ancient Rus, where the first writers were monks: Nestor, Hilarion, Polycarp and Simon, Cyril of Turov, Protopop Avvakum and others. The periodization of ancient Russian literature can be divided into five stages:

1. The period of the creation of the school of the canonical Orthodox DRL in the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra by the monks Anthony and Theodosius. Writing by the monk Nestor in the 12th century "The Tale of the Time".
2. At the monasteries (the cities of Vladimir-Zalessky, Suzdal, Smolensk, etc.) new centers of DRL are being created. Significant development of the literary process.
3. The periodization of ancient Russian literature contains a period of violent deformation of society: the stage of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. In the first half of the century, the "Life of the Rightful Prince Alexander Nevsky", "The Word of the Death of the Russian Land" are being created. At the second stage, ending with the Kulikovo Battle of 1380, the chronicles acquire a heroic-panegyrical character.
4. The period of decline of the DRL, lasting until the end of the XVI century. The reader's circle is limited to monasteries and a few literate nobles, by the way, trained by the same monks.
5. The last stage of the DRL prepared the final transition from the canonical literature to the author's literature. It characterizes the emergence of new genres: historical, autobiographical narrative, poetry. Subject DRL gradually becomes a household sphere of human activity, a more tangible personal beginning. The epoch of transformations of Peter I also affects the literary process.

What priceless literary works is characterized at the stage of the DRL periodization of Russian literature? The table below presents systematically these works.

Literature of the Russian Empire

The positive influence of the state on the literary process is demonstrated by the history of the Russian Empire. It can not be said that the writers were nurtured there. However, there was a civil society in the country. There was a certain pluralism of opinions. With the formation of statehood specialists singled out in the history of literature:

• Period of the Russian Enlightenment. It represents a fundamentally important stage, chronologically embracing the 18th century. In the literature, the main niche is occupied by classics, laying the foundation for its further development.
• A special superproductive "golden stage", which was supplemented by the periodization of Russian literature in the 19th century. Finally, she announced herself, actively influencing the world literature. The works of Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Chekhov became a favorite classics for a foreign reader.

XVIII century in the periodization of Russian literature

The stage of the Russian Enlightenment is chronologically correlated with European education, the tone that France asked.

The first Russian emperor Peter I and Empress Catherine II systematically introduced European secularism into literature. Future writers began to receive university education. By the decree of Peter I the Academic University and the Academy of Arts were opened, by decree of Catherine II - Moscow State University.

The scientist, poet and publicist Lomonosov, poet Vasily Trediakovsky, linguist and writer Dmitry Cantemir became the early Russian enlighteners. A Russian silobotonic system of versification was developed. A century later, she declared herself in the splendor and charisma of Pushkin and Lermontov. However, we will mention them later, when we will discuss the periodization of Russian literature of the 19th century.

In the second half of the XVIII century. The direction of the literary process of Russia was determined by the first playwright Denis Fonvizin (it is difficult to underestimate the influence of his "Minor" on the education of the nobility) and the first writer - the opponent of power, which can be called the conscience of the people - Alexander Radishchev.

Even the visionary Catherine II did not realize then that the genius of the writer and philosopher showed her the clues of the Russian Empire as a clue, which should be reformed. But she then acted as the main apologist for the feudal system, calling Alexander Nikolayevich for his ideas, outlined in "Travels from St. Petersburg to Moscow," "a rebel pohlesche Pugacheva."

Unfortunately, rulers often do not hear the voice of Cassandra, sounding in the works of the classics!

The era of the Russian Enlightenment laid a good foundation for further upsurge in creativity. The pride of the Motherland, which broke Napoleon, the conqueror of Europe, also served as a stimulus for future intellectual breakthroughs.

Prehistory and the birth of Russian realism XIX century.

Periodization of Russian literature of the 19th century reflects the process of the formation of a new classical world literature. How difficult it is to write concisely about the literature of this century!

The first two decades of the golden Russian literature can be called interaction and competition of different styles.

In the style of sentimentalism, the historian and writer Nikolai Karamzin created. The poet-classicist Gabriel Derzhavin created majestic ode (for example, "Felitsa" - in honor of Catherine II), which became the title imperial works.

Classicism and proisudastic attitude are characteristic of the poet Vasily Zhukovsky, the author of the first anthem of Russia ("The Prayer of the Russians").

The executed Decembrist and poet Kondraty Ryleev wrote in the style of civil romanticism.

The second stage, which is glorious periodization of Russian literature of the 19th century, can rightly be called Pushkin. Indeed, it is tudno to overestimate the contribution to the Russian language and the Russian poetry of the wizard of rhymes Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. His words about himself, who created the "monument of the hands of man," proved to be prophetic.

The genius's work was multifaceted. The poet began to write in the style of Romanticism (the poem "Gypsies", "Bakhchisarai Fountain"). Then, after the suppression of the Decembrist uprising, the historicism and civic character of classicism (the tragedy "Boris Godunov", the poem "Poltava") became more and more powerful in his work.

Then Alexander Sergeyevich comes out in his work on a completely new style - Russian realism. His novel in the poems "Eugene Onegin" and the collection of prose "The Tale of Belkin" are full of truth about the social state of people, life's authenticity.

The third stage of the golden Russian literature of the 19th century

Pushkin was the spark that lit the flames. It's like a chain reaction. Later Russian realism of Pushkin is developed by two classics: Lermontov and Gogol, but each in his own way. Lermontov deepens into the personality of the protagonist, a man tormented by contradictions, in conflict with the outside world and not finding use of his life forces. Gogol goes "in breadth", trying to present a global picture of Russian life.

And as a result, already at its third stage, the world surprises the unprecedented creative potential of the periodization of Russian literature of the 19th century. The table of Russian classics, who created between 1840 and 1990, contains well-known names throughout the world.

Fedor Tyutchev Athanasius Fet Ivan Goncharov Alexander Ostrovsky Ivan Turgenev Fedor Dostoevsky Lev Tolstoy Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin Nikolay Nekrasov Anton Chekhov

1803-1873 1820-1892 1812-1891 1823-1886 1818-1883 1821-1881 1828-1910 1826-1889 1821-1877 1860-1904

All these lights of Russian literature have realized what priceless creative heritage they have received from their predecessors. And they managed to use it correctly. Agree that impressive is decorated with names not forgotten and now in the world of classics, the periodization of Russian literature of the 19th century. This table, we will notice, we are artificially limited to ten of the brightest persons who are the creators of whole creative trends.

XX century. Periodization of literature

The silver age of Russian literature is called the short period: from 1892 to 1921. It is distinguished by a powerful rise of poetic creativity, a real constellation of rhymed creators. Judge for yourself: Alexander Blok, Anna Akhmatova, Marina Tsvetaeva, Nikolai Gumilev, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Sergei Yesenin. What gave birth to him? Revolutionary utopian romanticism, which the creative elite of Russian society got sick?

The Soviet period of Russian literature is characterized by the confrontation of the formal, canonical-soviet socialist realism that emerged after 1921 and individual masters who ventured to go beyond their own works. For some reason, it is believed that the periodization of Russian literature of the twentieth century states only a systemic decline from the widespread dictatorship of ideological cliches.

One can only regret that literary critics preaching this view have reflected reality only in black and white. Was it really so?

The antagonism of literature and totalitarianism

Yes, in general, Soviet mass literature was decadent. Yes, the real creativity was engaged in units. However, literature still did not enter the crisis. Boris Pasternak did not follow the chopping influence of the communists by going against the current and writing the language of the "smoking conscience" the truth about his generation, becoming an outcast in his homeland. So did the dying Mikhail Bulgakov, when in spite of everything he, not published at the behest of Stalin, wrote "Masters and Margarita" on the table.

And sometimes the pen of the author inexplicably and imperiously led love to its small Motherland, which did not allow either to lie or to cringe. So one day it happened with the communist Mikhail Sholokhov when he wrote his "Quiet Flows the Don". Despite the attacks and "urgent recommendations," he did not change the image of Grigory Melekhov to the Soviet standard. Quite often the Strugatsky brothers wrote on the table, whose works also did not have anything in common with the notorious socialist realism.

However, it should be acknowledged that the periodization of Russian literature, depending on the political involvement of its interpreters, characterizes this period ambiguously.

New Russian Literature

The new Russian literature was born in 1991, after the collapse of the USSR. She was asked to start the works with exposing works, among which the "Gulag Archipelago" by Alexander Solzhenitsyn is singled out, as well as the works of emigrants who were allowed in their homeland: Vladimir Nabokov, Ivan Shmelev, Andrei Bely, Konstantin Balmont.

Then, in the perestroika period, a new wave of writers was initiated in Russian literature: Victor Pelevin, Lyudmila Ulitskaya, Boris Akunin, Sergei Lukyanenko. The data of novelists-writers characterize the compositional mastery of the classic, the unique artistic vision of the problems of modern times, the masterful construction of the plot, the fascination of the narrative.

It is obvious that in the state of development the historical and cultural process, and the periodization of Russian literature, are constantly on. Who knows, maybe we are now at the beginning of the time interval, when Russian literature again enters a new quality. One thing is certain: new approaches in it, as well as new trends, without doubt, are still ahead.

XX century - the crisis of Russian literature

Periodization of Russian literature of the 20th century involves three periods:

1. Silver Age - a short time at the breaking of centuries.
2. 20th - mid-50s of the 20th century.
3. The second half of the 50's - 90's of the 20th century.

The Silver Age began in the 90s of the 19th century. The creativity of poets, whose flowering occurred during this period, is filled with a premonition of a revolutionary crisis. The poems of Alexander Blok, Nikolai Gumilev, Marina Tsvetaeva, Anna Akhmatova are full of sadness. Masters of the artistic word are sentimental and refined, like autumn flowers, anticipating the approach of frosts ...

Since 1917, with the growing class struggle in society, the transition to the next stage of Russian literature of the 20th century begins. As a reflection of this process, one should take into account the chased lines of Vladimir Mayakovsky, who gloomily foretell the "last hour" of "bourgeois".

In 1921, the first stage ended. Russian literature was divided into two parts: writers living in Soviet Russia, and their emigrated colleagues. The former tried to "destroy the old world to the ground", the latter tried to preserve traditions. The reason for the division was the publication of the party literary magazines "The Seal and the Revolution" and the "Red Nova".

In 1932 these journals cheerfully ascertained the fact of creating a new style of fiction of socialist realism. The emigre writers initially rejected the concept of party creativity, first voiced in the novel "Mother" by M. Gorky.

Among the poets of the second period are M. Voloshin, N. Klyuev, V. Khodasevich, N. Rubtsov, N. Zabolotsky. Among the writers - E. Zamyatin, M. Prishvin, I. Babel, A. Green.

The death of IV Stalin (1953) marks a qualitatively new stage in the literature. Weakened party dictatorship. Writers hope for freedom of creativity. However, instead, General Khrushchev announces the persecution of Nobel laureate Boris Pasternak for the novel Doctor Zhivago. Poets, writers emigrate from the USSR (for example, Joseph Brodsky). Honest works find readers through samizdat.

However, already in the sixties the "thaw" was marked by young poets: emotional Yevgeny Yevtushenko, lyric Bella Akhmadulina, inclined to innovation Andrei Voznesensky, patriotic-civil Robert Rozhdestvensky.

Also there is a deep, unengaged prose about contemporaries, about their movements of the soul, sufferings from such writers: Vasily Shukshin, Yuri Kazakov, Valentin Rasputin. Alexander Solzhenitsyn and Anatoly Rybakov write epic novels about the terrible time of the cult of personality. In drama there are plays that illuminate the inner world of man (for example, "Duck Hunt" and "Elder Son" playwright Alexander Vampilov).

Conclusion

Russian literature is really capable of stirring up "good feelings". Its potential is bottomlessly deep. From the sunny musical style of Pushkin and Balmont to the intellectual-deep and imaginative representation of our virtual age by Pelevin. Fans of sentimental lyrics will like the work of Akhmatova. It contains both the wisdom inherent in Tolstoy, and the filigree psychologism of Dostoevsky, before which Freud himself took off his hat. Even among writers-prose writers there are those whose syllable in artistic expressiveness resembles poetry. This is Turgenev and Gogol. Fans of subtle humor will discover for themselves Ilf and Petrov. Those who want to taste adrenaline from the stories of the criminal world will discover the novels of Friedrich Neznansky. Lovers of fantasy will not be disappointed with the books of Vadim Panov.

In Russian literature, every reader will be able to find something that will touch his soul. Good books are like friends or fellow travelers. They are able to comfort, advise, entertain, support.