Haemostatic tourniquet. The technique of applying a hemostatic tourniquet to a limb

Hemostatic tourniquet is a device for stopping blood. It is a rubber band 125 cm long. Its width is 2.5 cm, thickness - 3 - 4 cm. One end of the tape is crocheted, the other - a metal chain. This simple adaptation is available in the medicine cabinet of each car is not accidental. Sometimes his absence may prove fatal. A person as a result of a large loss of blood can die without waiting for medical help.

How correctly to apply a tourniquet?

When applying the harness, rubber gloves are first worn on the hands. Then lift the limb, injured from the injury, and examine it. The harness is not applied to the naked body, but over the lining of the fabric. It can be a person's clothes, a towel, bandage, cotton wool. The medical tourniquet so applied will not cross and not damage the skin.

Its end should be taken in one hand, and the middle - in the other. Then stretch stronger, and only then trail around the arm or leg. With each succeeding winding of the winding, the tow is stretched less. Free ends are knotted or fixed by a hook and a chain. A note is always placed under any one ribbon of the tape, where the time of its imposition is indicated.

Hemostatic tourniquet can not be left for more than two hours, otherwise there may be paralysis or necrosis of the arm or leg. Every hour in the warm season and half an hour in winter, the tourniquet relaxes for a few minutes (at this time the vessel is pressed with fingers), the application of the tourniquet during bleeding is done just as for the first time, only slightly higher.

If the blood does not stop, the tourniquet is not applied correctly. They could accidentally pull the veins. This will lead to the fact that the pressure in the vessels will increase and the bleeding will increase. With an excessively tight bundle, muscles, nerves, and tissues can be damaged, which leads to paralysis of the limbs. The victim with the attached bundle is transported to the medical institution first.

The harness can be applied using a tire made of plywood. It is located on the opposite side of the damaged vessel. This method has a gentle effect. If the upper third of the hip or shoulder is injured, the medical tourniquet is superimposed as a figure eight in case of bleeding.

On the damaged vessels of the neck, a tourniquet is superimposed with the use of a wooden or a stump rail. These devices are placed on the opposite side of the wound. Due to the tire, the trachea and the carotid artery will not be squeezed . If there is no tire at hand, you need to put your hand on your head from behind, it will fulfill its role. Hemostatic tourniquet can be replaced by a twist, using for this purpose handy material: handkerchiefs, scarves, belts, ties.

Application

Haemostatic tourniquet, if necessary, is applied to the thigh, shin, shoulder, forearm and other parts of the body. If the place of its application is the limbs, choose a place to be higher than the wound, but closer to it. This is necessary in order that the remaining area of the limb without blood circulation should be as short as possible.

When applying a bundle, remember that it can not be applied:

• On the area of the upper third of the shoulder (you can injure the radial nerve) and the lower third of the thigh (when the femoral artery is compressed, the tissue is injured).
• In the lower third of the forearm and lower leg, there are no muscles, and if the tourniquet is applied to these areas, necrosis of the skin may begin to develop. These areas of the body have the shape of cones, so the hemostatic tourniquet can slip when the victim moves. It is easier, more convenient and reliable to apply a tape on the shoulder or thigh.

Arterial bleeding. First aid before the arrival of the doctor

The loss of blood through the artery often causes the death of the victim, so it must be quickly stopped. In an adult human body, the blood volume is 4-5 liters. If the victim loses one third of this amount, he may die.

The first thing to do when helping with arterial bleeding is to squeeze the artery so that blood does not flow to the wounded area and does not flow. To determine the place where it is located, you need to feel the pulse. Where he is, there is an artery. Confidently press the fingers of this place, but 2-3 cm higher than the wound.

If the victim needs to be transported, the application of a tourniquet with arterial bleeding is mandatory. Only this must be done correctly, as described above in the article. But if, as a result of a road accident, a person lost his leg, and blood drains from the wound, the arterial plait should be applied so that it is 5 centimeters above the damaged area, and not 2-3. To weaken him in no event is impossible. Not everyone has a tourniquet at their fingertips. It can be replaced by a twist. But in any case it is impossible to use narrow ropes, cords from inelastic material.

When the first medical aid is provided to the victim , it must be remembered that when the tourniquet is applied the blood supply to all departments that are below it ceases. It is necessary to know that the movement of blood through the arteries is from the heart to all peripheral departments.

Internal bleeding

The loss of blood as a result of damage to the internal organs of a person is very dangerous for life, as often its definition is delayed for some time.

• Bleeding of the abdominal cavity occurs when a severe blow was made, as a result of which the spleen and liver are ruptured. In this case, the victim experiences severe abdominal pain, shock and may lose consciousness.
• Haemorrhage of the esophagus occurs as a result of a rupture of veins, as some diseases of the liver lead to their expansion.
• Gastric bleeding occurs due to an ulcer, tumor, or a stomach injury. The defining feature is the emetic mass of dark-red or coagulated blood. In this case, the victim must ensure peace and a semi-sitting position with knees bent at the knees. On the peritoneum should put a compress and do not give to eat and drink. The victim must urgently be hospitalized, where he will be operated.
• Bleeding in the chest cavity is due to a severe stroke or chest injury. The accumulating blood begins to press on the lungs, as a result of which their normal work is disrupted. Breathing is difficult, choking may occur. The victim must be urgently transported to the hospital, and before the doctor comes to put a compress on the chest from the ice, to provide him with a semi-sitting position with bent legs.

Venous bleeding. First aid

If during examination of the victim it was found out that the damage to the vein is insignificant, it is enough to press the vessel with a finger below the damaged area, since this blood moves from the bottom up, and not vice versa. If this is not enough, to stop the blood flowing from the vein, a pressure bandage should be applied to the injury site. This is the first first aid.

But before the skin around the place of injury is treated with iodine, the wound is closed with a sterile bandage, and above, along the arrangement of bones, a sealing roller is applied. Now the place of injury should be tightly bandaged, and the damaged limb should be raised. The pressure bandage is applied correctly if the bleeding stops and there are no blood spots on it.

In the case when such assistance is not enough to stop the bleeding, the venous strands are superimposed, only lower, and not higher than the site of the vessel's lesion. Just need to know that the flow of venous blood occurs in the opposite direction, that is, to the heart.

Bleeding

When the integrity of the walls of the vessels is disturbed, blood flows out of them. This is called bleeding. Its danger is that the amount of blood that circulates in the blood vessels decreases. This leads to a deterioration in cardiac activity and inadequate supply of oxygen to the human body.

With prolonged blood loss begins to develop anemia. This is especially dangerous for children and the elderly. Their body can not cope with the rapidly decreasing blood volume. So, there are three types of bleeding. It depends on which vessel they are located in.

• Arterial. It can be easily identified: scarlet blood beats a fountain from the artery.
• Venous. From the injured vessel, blood of dark color emerges.
• Capillary. It is an easy kind of bleeding, in which small sosudas are damaged.
• Parenchytamous. It occurs when the innocent internal organs of a person, such as the spleen, liver, kidneys, are damaged. This bleeding is mixed. It is associated with the rupture of an organ. Without surgery, it is impossible to completely stop parenchymal hemorrhage. But, when providing first aid to the victim, you should put the ice on the place of the alleged damage.

Bleeding happens:

• Outdoor.
• Internal. In this case, the blood from the affected vessel is poured into the tissue of an organ.

Symptoms by which bleeding can be determined

The most important feature is the blood flowing out of the vessel. But with internal bleeding, you can not notice it. Therefore, there are other signs:

• Skin and mucous membranes become pale.
• There is dizziness, thirst.
• The blood pressure drops.
• Weakly felt the pulse and there is a tachycardia.
• The person loses consciousness. This happens when there is a rapid and severe loss of blood.

Arterial and venous bleeding in wounds. First aid

A wound is a damage in which the integrity of the skin, tissues, and membranes is broken, and which is accompanied by pain and loss of blood. When injured, pain is caused by damaged receptors and nerve trunks, and bleeding is directly related to the nature and amount of damaged vessels. That is why, first of all, the depth of the wound is established and it is determined from which vessel the blood flows: veins or arteries. Especially quickly you need to act if the wounds are very deep and punctured, and when injured, large blood vessels are affected.

Rendering first aid in wounds before the ambulance crew arrives is usually done by people nearby. To stop the bleeding, a tourniquet is applied to the injury site.

In a hospital, first aid for arterial and venous bleeding is performed surgically. At the site of damage to the vessel, suturing its walls is done.

First aid for injuries to the head, chest, neck, abdomen and other areas of the body is done by applying a pressure bandage. On the wound put a sterile gauze and bandage.

It should be noted that it is not necessary to apply cold with bleeding from a vein or an artery, as there is no point in this. These large vessels do not shrink from the effects of low temperatures.

Natural openings on the human body. Bleeding from them

There is a loss of blood when it flows out of the nose. This can be with a strong impact or as a result of getting a head injury. To stop bleeding, the injured person should be laid on his back, lifting his head slightly. On the bridge of the nose, neck, heart area should be put ice. At this time, you can not clean your nose or blow your nose.

If a person has an ear canal wound or a skull fracture, bleeding from the ear may open. In this case, a sterile bandage of gauze is put on it, and the victim is laid on the opposite side and raised to his head. It is strictly forbidden to wash the ear.

How to stop bleeding with the help of bent limbs?

• If a wound forms in the area of the hand or forearm, and blood flows from it, put a roller of gauze, bandage or soft tissue in the elbow fold and bend the arm. To fix it in this position, the forearm should be tied to the shoulder. The bleeding will stop.
• To stop it from the artery of the forearm, the roller is placed under the armpit, the arm is bent at the elbow, placed on the chest and bandaged.
• With axillary hemorrhage, the arms are bent, retracted and connected by elbows. This position allows the subclavian artery to press the collarbone to the rib. This technique can not be used if a person has a fracture of the bone tissue of the limbs.

Car first aid kit. Its equipment

Many people believe that this kit is needed only to pass the inspection. But this is far from the case. Nobody knows what the situation may be along the way of the car. Perhaps your humane attitude to another person, knowledge of the rules of first aid to the victim and the necessary set of motorists to someone save life.

At present, the kit of the car kit is manufactured according to new standards. It consists of: an apparatus with which you can make artificial ventilation, bandages, a hemostatic tourniquet, rubber gloves and scissors. Disinfectants and all medicines are excluded from the medicine cabinet. There is no analgin, aspirin, activated carbon, validol, nitroglycerin, and even iodine with greenery.

Completion of the first aid kit became much poorer. What was its change? First of all, the European practice of providing first aid before the arrival of doctors. They believe that most drivers in Russia do not know about the methods of applying the necessary drugs. Therefore, for them to call a doctor and stop the blood loss to the victims will be the main task.