Fortification structure: history and modernity

Since ancient times, such structures and structures have been erected that allowed to protect the city, the fortress from attacks by the enemy. In a scientific type of this kind of structure is called the fortification structure. From the lessons of history, we remember that ancient settlements were specially erected in hard-to-reach places, for example, on hills or at the confluence of rivers. Already later it became popular to erect artificially created obstacles around the fortresses and settlements in the form of ramparts, ditches, walls of untreated stones.

War time requirements

With the formation of the armies, military art began to develop powerfully and actively. From that time, military fortifications became known, when whole field fortifications were built. Thanks to such engineering structures, weapons and military equipment became more effective, it became easier to manage troops, and protection from enemy attack became more reliable. Modern fortifications can be of the following types:

• Trenches, trenches, which are built to fire;
• Observation and command posts are necessary in order to observe their own and enemy positions and to control the army;
• Slots, shelters, dugouts, shelters are designed to protect both personnel and military equipment;
• Moves of the message, lost are galleries that are created underground or inside some structure in order to hide the message.

The fortification structure, therefore, is a reliable way to protect your army, people and equipment from enemy attacks. And earlier, their number was supplemented by various artificial obstacles in the form of ditches, escarpas, counter-carpets, stakes, which were considered important components of castles, forts and forts. But during the Second World War, artificially constructed buildings began to be considered independent fortified positions called non-explosive obstacles. All this can be combined with the notion of "simplest fortifications", because they are built simply and quickly enough.

Open or closed structures?

From the point of view of design features such structures can be open and closed. For example, openings include gaps, trenches, trenches, their peculiarity is that protective structures are installed in separate places, and the entrance to them remains unprotected. In such a protective place you can hide from bullets, shell fragments and mines. A closed-type fortification structure is created along the entire perimeter, with better protection from both conventional weapons and larger nuclear weapons , for example .

In terms of construction conditions and operational characteristics, protective structures can be long-term and field. The first ones are done most often in peacetime and for a long time: strong materials are used for their creation, water and electricity are provided here, since in such a place the army sometimes stays for a long time. In wartime, a field fortification structure is most often erected, which is made from materials at hand (stones, brushwood, wood).

Today there are more and more advanced designs, for the production of which use reinforced concrete, wavy steel, synthetic materials, which have unique protective properties. And such structures can easily be transported together with the army.